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Following are some of the services offered by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to the processes at the application layer:Stream Delivery Service.Sending and Receiving Buffers.Bytes and Segments.Full Duplex ServiceConnection Oriented Service.Reliable Service.All the above mentioned TCP services are explained below in detail.Stream Delivery ServiceTCP is a stream-oriented protocol. It enables the sending process to deliver data as a stream of bytes and the receiving process to acquire data as a stream of bytes.TCP creates a working environment so that the sending and receiving procedures are connected by an imaginary "tube", as shown in the figure below:Sending and Receiving BuffersThe sending ... Read More
Circuit SwitchingIn this approach, there is a dedicated route between sender and receiver. Before the link is determined in the circuit switching approach, the dedicated route will continue until the connection is eliminated.Message SwitchingMessage Switching is an approach in which a message is sent as a whole unit and routed by the intermediate hub at which it is saved and delivered. There is no installation of a dedicated route between the sender and receiver in the message switching approach.The destination location is added to the message. It supports flexible routing as the message is routed by the intermediate hub based ... Read More
Packet switching merges the benefit of the message and circuit switching. Long messages are divided into smaller units known as packets.A question appears as to how the network will manage this flow of packets as it tries to path them through the network and transfer them to the planned designation. In a packet-switched network, data is transmitted in discrete units of potentially variable length of blocks known as packets.The maximum length of packets depends on the network. In this, longer size messages are broken into multiple packets. Each packet contains the data with a header. The header includes the control ... Read More
In message switching, the sending device joins the destination location to the communication and develops it to the network. The message is then generated by the web from one node to the other node, because it arrives at the predetermined destination.Each switching hub gets a message, stores it momentarily and afterward, sends it to the following hub, as shown in the diagram below.An example of message switching is emails, PC documents, telegrams and transaction queries and responses. A full exchange can include various messages.If a message is transmitted from station A to station B, it can take either path 1-2-3-4 ... Read More
Circuit Switching is a dedicated connection path between the sending and receiving devices. The dedicated route is a connected series of connections between the switching nodes.A traditional mobile network, where a dedicated route is established between the caller and the called party for the span of a mobile call, is termed as circuit switching.The circuit switching is depicted in the diagram given below −Transmission through circuit switching has three phases, which are as follows −Circuit EstablishmentA circuit switching network is necessary to establish an end-to-end link before any signal is transmitted. For example, if the communication is between A and ... Read More
When a client creates the web or another computer network which is external to their current position, the messages are transmitted by the transmission media web. This method of shifting the data from one computer network to another network is called data switching.Switches can be called as an advanced form of the hub. They can provide the dedicated bandwidth at each node of the network that results in traffic passing through one node without affecting another node. It combines the hardware and software. Moreover, it contains enough intelligence to turn on or off a specific port through its software controls.Switching ... Read More
The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is done only in fiber optic channels. In WDM, several light waves from multiple sources are connected by using a prism to form a composite light signal sent across the medium.At the receiver end, the hybrid light is broken down into different light waves, and these are delivered to their corresponding receiver, as shown in the figure below. The concept of WDM and Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is the same.The application of WDM is the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) in which various optical fiber lines are multiplexed and demultiplexed. There is a new technique known as ... Read More
The electromagnetic waves having frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths from 1mm to 770 nm) are referred to as infrared (IR) waves. IR uses line-of-sight propagation.Infrared light is a transmission channel whose features are necessarily different from those of the radio frequencies. A fundamental property of infrared light is that it cannot penetrate the walls. This represents that it can easily include it within a room.Another advantage of infrared communication is massive bandwidth which is available for use, but has not been exploited to its full extent.The major disadvantage is that the sun creates emission in the infrared ... Read More
OSI represents Open System Interconnection. It was produced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) located in Geneva, Switzerland, and the consultative committee for international Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT).OSI was created to develop a frequent standard of network structure throughout the globe. It supports a general idea of inter-process communication so that any open system can technically connect with another accessible framework without any issues. OSI model is a seven-layered architecture model.Advantages of the OSI ModelThe advantages of the OSI Model are as follows −The OSI models clearly define the services, interfaces and protocols. It explains which layer's services are supported. ... Read More
The presentation layer changes the data from an application layer into the device native internal mathematical structure and encodes communicated information into a displayable output format.It executes the code changes, document compressions, security encryption, etc. It also defines the data as per the software/hardware environment of the hub. For instance, demonstrating UNIX structured data in windows.The link between the presentation layer and the application and session layer has been shown in the diagram below −It is concerned with the syntax of data.TranslationThe procedure in two frameworks are generally to exchange the data in the form of character strings, numbers etc. ... Read More