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In Non-Deterministic Finite Automata, for any current state and input symbol, there exists more than one next output state.Any string is accepted if and only if there exists at least one transition path which is starting at initial state and ending at final state.The following steps are followed to convert a given NFA to a DFA −AlgorithmStep-01Let's take ' q’ as a new set of states of the DFA. It is declared null in the beginning.Let's take T’ be a new transition table of the DFA.Step-02Add the start state of the NFA to q’.Add transitions from the start state to ... Read More
ProblemDesign a Moore machine for a binary input sequence such that if it has a substring 101, the machine outputs A, if the input has substring 110, it outputs B otherwise it outputs C.SolutionFor designing such a machine, we will check two conditions, and those are 101 and 110. If we get 101, the output will be A, and if we recognize 110, the output will be B. For other strings, the output will be C.Moore machine has 6 tuples(Q, q0, Σ, O, δ, λ)Where, Q: Finite set of statesq0: Initial state of machineΣ: Finite set of input symbolsO: Output ... Read More
Moore machine has 6 tuples, which are as follows −(Q, q0, Σ, O, δ, λ)Where, Q: Finite set of statesq0: Initial state of machineΣ: Finite set of input symbolsO: Output alphabetδ: Transition function where Q × Σ → Qλ: Output function where Q → OThe transition diagram is as follows −ExplanationStep 1 − q0 is the start state on input ‘0’ goes to q1 state and on ‘1’ goes to state q2 generating output 0.Step 2 − q1 on input ‘0’ goes to q1 itself and on ‘1’ goes to q2 generating output ‘1’.Step 3 − q2 on input ‘0’ ... Read More
MagnetismIn the ancient times, people believed that the invisible forces of magnetism was purely a magical quantity. However, with the increasing scientific knowledge over the passing centuries, magnetism assumed a larger and larger role. Today the magnetism has attained a place of pride in electrical engineering. Without the magnetism, it is impossible to operated electrical devices like generators, motors, transformers, TV, radio, telephone etc. Therefore, electrical engineering is much dependent on magnetism.Magnetic polesA magnet has two poles viz. North Pole and South Pole. In order to determine the polarity of a magnet, suspend it at its centre, then the magnet ... Read More
A voltage divider or potential divider is a series circuit that is used to provide more than one reduced voltages from a single source of voltage.Consider a circuit of voltage divider as shown below, in which two reduced voltages V1 and V2 are obtained from a single input voltage source of V volts. Since no load is connected to circuit, it is called unloaded voltage divider.Refer the circuit of unloaded voltage divider, $$\mathrm{Circuit\:Current, I= \frac{V}{R_{1}+{R_{2}}}=\frac{V}{R_{eq}}}\:\:\:… (1)$$ Where, Req=R1 + R2= Total resistance of voltage dividerTherefore, $$\mathrm{V_{1}=IR_{1}=\frac{V}{R_{eq}}×R_{1}=V\frac{R_{1}}{R_{eq}}}\:\:\:… (2)$$$$\mathrm{V_{2}=IR_{2}=\frac{V}{R_{eq}}×R_{2}=V\frac{R_{2}}{R_{eq}}}\:\:\:… (3)$$Hence, equation (2) and (3) shows that, the voltage drop ... Read More
A resistor is a circuit element that opposes the flow of electric current in the circuit by virtue of its property called resistance.According to I-V characteristic, the resistors may be classified in two categories viz.Linear ResistorNon-Linear ResistorOhm’s LawIf the physical conditions are constant, then the ratio of applied voltage across a conductor to the current through it remains constant and equal to the resistance of the conductor.$$\mathrm{R=\frac{V}{I}\:or\:V}=IR$$$$\mathrm{∴V\:∝\:I}$$Therefore, I-V characteristic is a straight line passing through the origin at all times.Linear ResistorA linear resistor is defined as a two terminal circuit element which satisfies Ohm’s law i.e. the voltage across the ... Read More
Consider the circuit containing a pure inductive coil of inductance L Henry. When an alternating voltage V (RMS) is applied across the coil, an alternating current I (RMS) will flow through the circuit. Due to this alternating current, a back emf (e) is induced in the coil due to inductance of it. This back emf at every instant opposes the any change in current through the coil.Let the applied alternating voltage is$$\mathrm{u=V_{m}sin\:\omega t}\:\:\:… (1)$$The back emf (e) induced in the inductor coil is given by, $$\mathrm{e=L \frac{di}{dt}}\:\:\:… (2)$$Since, there is no ohmic drop, thus the applied voltage has to overcome ... Read More
In order to differentiate the diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism, first we need to understand, the concept of magnetism and diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism individually.Concept of MagnetismElectrons exhibit two types of angular momenta − Orbital Angular Momenta and Spin Angular Momenta . The orbital angular momentum is a property of electrons when they are in atoms while the spin angular momentum is an intrinsic property of electrons. With these angular momenta, a magnetic moment is associated. That magnetic moment is a property which causes the electrons to experience a force, when they are placed in a magnetic field.The orbital magnetic moment ... Read More
Electric NetworkAn electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (like sources, resistors, inductors, capacitors, diodes, transistors etc.). An electrical network need not contain a closed path for the flow of electric current. Some examples of the network are shown in the figure given below.Characteristics of Electric NetworkAn electric network possesses the following characteristics −It is an interconnection of electrical components.Electric network need not provide a return path for the current.It may or may not contain active electrical components.It may be consist of, passive elements, active elements or both active and passive elements.Examples of electric network are − Resistive network, ... Read More
ProblemDraw the state transition diagram over an alphabet Σ={a, b} that accepts the string starting with ‘ab’.SolutionThe formal definition of Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) is as follows −A DFA is a collection of 5-tuples as shown below −M=(Q, Σ, δ, q0, F)Where, Q: Finite set called states.Σ: Finite set called alphabets.δ: Q × Σ → Q is the transition function.q0 ∈ Q is the initial state.The language is generated as given below −L={ab, aba, abab, …….}The transition diagram is as follows −Here, D is a dead state.D is a transition state, which it can never escape. Such a state is ... Read More