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We know that Linux is a multiuser operating system so every file or directory belongs to an owner and group. To change ownership of files or directories we use chown (change ownership) command and to change the group ownership of files or directories we use the chgrp command.The chgrp (change group) command is used to change group ownership of files or directories in the Linux/Unix operating system.SyntaxThe general syntax of the chgrp command is as follow −chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...The brief description of options available in the chmod command:Sr.No.Option & Description1-c, --changesGives a diagnosis for all ... Read More
Bollinger Bands are a technical trading system developed by John Bollinger in the early 1980s to help traders calculate price movements. These trading bands were developed in response to the necessity for adaptive trading bands and the detection that volatility was dynamic, rather than static as was normally assumed at the time.Source − Tradingview. Chart of Ketner Channel & Bollinger BandsBollinger Bands are a technical indicator that are used in many financial markets, including stocks, currency, commodities, and futures trading. They may be utilized in a variety of time frames, ranging from very short time periods to hourly, daily, weekly, and ... Read More
We can send a report through email using Selenium webdriver. The email report can be an important feature in an automation framework. An email should be necessarily sent after the combined execution of a regression suite has completed to get an overall view of the test results.The ways to send a report through email are listed below −Using the Java library - Apache Commons available in the below link: https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-email/.Using the Java mail JAR. The details of this is available in the below link: https://javaee.github.io/javamail/Steps to configure the Java mail JAR are listed below −Step1 − Navigate to the below ... Read More
We may encounter the Selenium Exception Error - Element is not clickable at point(x, y). Other element would receive the click while working Selenium webdriver.This is normally seen while executing Selenium tests from the Chrome browser and not with other browsers like IE and Firefox. This happens because the Chrome browser could not compute the correct location of a webelement.Besides, in the Chrome browser, an element is clicked in its middle position. This exception can also be encountered owing to synchronization issues happening between the application and Selenium.There exists some solutions to fix this issue as listed below −We should ... Read More
We can do UI testing with Selenium webdriver. To achieve this, we have to follow the steps listed below which can be applied to any script developed to test the UI of the application −Step1 − Object of Webdriver should be created. For example, WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();The above piece of code is used to create a webdriver instance and initiate the script execution in the Chrome browser.Step2 − Launch the URL on which we want to perform the UI testing. For example, driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/about/about_careers.htm");The above piece of code shall launch the URL passed as a parameter to the get ... Read More
Jenkins is a continuous integration tool and used widely by both the development and testing teams. It comes without any licensing cost and is supported on multiple operating systems.In the test automation world, we run test suites with a large number of test cases, collect results on execution, prepare a dashboard and pinpoint details on failures. All these are supported in Jenkins. Let us see some of the advantages of Jenkins −Jenkins has plugins with which it can be integrated with tests developed in Selenium, Cucumber, TestNG, and so on to execute automated tests for the builds.Tests in a test ... Read More
We can have modern web automation with Python and Selenium. To configure with Selenium webdriver in Python the steps described below need to be followed −Step1 −To install Python in our system, visit the link − https://www.python.org/downloads/Step 2 − Click on the Download Python button. Once the download is completed, the Python executable file should be available in our system.Step 3 − Double-click on this executable file and the Python installation landing page should be opened. Click on Install Now.Step 4 − Python should be available in the below path −C:\Users\\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\PythonStep 5 − We shall configure the path of ... Read More
We can capture network traffic on a specific page using Selenium webdriver in Python. To achieve this, we take the help of the JavaScript Executor. Selenium can execute JavaScript commands with the help of the execute_script method.JavaScript command to be executed is passed as a parameter to this method. To capture the network traffic, we have to pass the command: return window.performance.getEntries() as a parameter to the execute_script method.Syntaxr = driver.execute_script("return window.performance.getEntries();")ExampleCode Implementationfrom selenium import webdriver #configure chromedriver path driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='../drivers/chromedriver') #implicit wait driver.implicitly_wait(0.5) #url launch driver.get("https://www.google.com/") #JavaScript command to traffic r = driver.execute_script("return window.performance.getEntries();") for res in r: ... Read More
We can set a proxy in Firefox using Selenium webdriver. A proxy server enables users to access an URL of an application for testing purposes even with the presence of several layers of network.The setting up of proxy in Firefox can be done with the help of the FirefoxOptions class. The port information and the proxy server host are added to this class. The setting up of the proxy server can also be done by configuring the Firefox Profile in the FirefoxProfile class.ExampleCode Implementation with the FirefoxOptionsimport org.openqa.selenium.Proxy; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions; public class ConfigureProxy { public ... Read More
Answer − We can download all pdf files using Selenium webdriver in Python. A file is downloaded in the default path set in the Chrome browser. However, we can modify the path of the downloaded file programmatically in Selenium.This is done with the help of the Options class. We have to create an object of this class and apply add_experimental_option. We have to pass the parameters - prefs and the path where the pdf is to be downloaded to this method. Finally, this information has to be sent to the webdriver object.Syntaxop = Options() p = {"download.default_directory": "../pdf"} op.add_experimental_option("prefs", p)ExampleCode ... Read More