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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Transition Methods in Electric Traction: Open Circuit Transition, Shunt Transition, and Bridge Transition
The transition methods are defined as the methods of changing over the connections from one grouping to another. Depending upon the change over from full series to first parallel, the transition methods employed in the electric traction system are of the following three types −Open Circuit TransitionShunt TransitionBridge TransitionLet's discuss each of these transition methods in detail.Open Circuit TransitionThe steps involved in the open-circuit transition are shown in Figure-1. In case of the open-circuit transition, first the series connection between the motors is disconnected and power is switched off with full load current.Then, some of the starting resistance is reinserted ...
Read MoreDifference between AC and DC Generator
This article is about AC generator and DC generator, and the main differences between the AC and DC generators.What is a Generator?An electrical machine which converts the mechanical energy input into electrical energy output is called the generator or electric generator.Though, the electrical energy generated by the machine can be of either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current). Hence, based on the type of supply produced by the generator, they are of two types viz. −AC Generator (or Alternating Current Generator)DC Generator (or Direct Current Generator)Both of these alternators apply same principle (Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction) to generate ...
Read MoreTractive Effort for Propulsion of Train
What is Tractive Effort?The effective force required for propelling a train at the wheel of locomotive is known as the tractive effort. It is denoted by 𝑭𝒕 and is measured in Newton. It is a vector quantity always acting tangential to the wheels of the locomotive.Tractive Effort for Propulsion of TrainThe total tractive effort required to propel the train on the track is equal to the sum of −Tractive effort required for linear and angular acceleration (𝐹𝑎).Tractive effort to overcome the effect of gravity (𝐹𝑔).Tractive effort to overcome the train resistance (𝐹𝑟).Therefore, the total tractive effort is given as, $$\mathrm{\mathit{F_{t}\mathrm{\: ...
Read MoreWhat is option contract?
Options contract is the contract between parties in which, a buyer has the right to sell or buy a particular asset at future date on agreed price. These types of contract are used in securities, commodities etc.In this, buyer will look at ask price and if he wants to buy into option contract, he will offer the bid price (which is lower than bid price). After the contract is purchased from the seller, a position is opened and seller is paid to buy an asset on strike price. Buyer has to sell, buy or exercise the contract before an expiry ...
Read MoreWhat are swap curves?
Swap curve is the relationship between swap rates and varying maturities. This curve tells about the expected returns at different maturity dates. It is a two dimensional curve in which, Y-axis represents the swap rates and X-axis represents maturity dates.These curves are calibrated and constructed in segments depends on market prices of different fixed income. The short end (not more than 3 months) swap curve is calibrated to unsecured deposit rates. Middle end (in between 3 months to 2 years) is derived in combination of interest rate futures and forward rate agreement contracts.Long term (more than or equal to 10 ...
Read MoreDifference between deflation and disinflation?
DeflationIt is decline in goods/services price when rate of inflation falls below zero percentage. It is linked to unemployment and productivity levels of goods/services are low. Deflation acts as economy indicator for deteriorating conditions.Causes of deflation are as follows −Structural changes (capital markets)Productivity increasedWhen decrease in currency supplyEffects of deflation are −Reduces business revenueLow wagesLayoffsDisinflationIt is nothing but decrease in rate of inflation or price inflation is slowing. It is a point where inflation increases at slower rates. Money supply slows down because of tighter monetary policy is cause of disinflation. Disinflation is not always a negative. It can be ...
Read MoreHow to Compare interest rate and inflation?
Interest rateIt is either the cost of money borrowed or reward for saving the money. Generally, interest rates are calculated in terms of percentages. Public borrow money from banks in the form of loans. Banks borrows money from public in form of deposits and pays interest for money deposits. Interest rates can beFixed interest rates: charges are fixed throughout the loan lifeVariable interest rates: charges changes with prime rateIncrease in interest rates results in the following −Decrease in inflation.Decrease in circulation of money in market.Expense borrowing.Decrease in demand of goods and services.Price of goods and services will decrease.Decrease of interest ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between floating currency and fixed currency?
Let us first see what floating currency is and fixed currency −Floating currencyA floating currency is a monetary system that is not backed by gold or assets. Based on supply and market expectations value of the currency fluctuates. The value of a currency is determined by the level of foreign reserves and global demand.If the currency has demand, then the value of currency appreciates and impacts country’s exports (lower the demand for exported goods). To attract consumers, an exporter has to low their prices which decreases their profits and faces risk of going out of business.If the currency demand is ...
Read MoreWhat is fixed for floating and fixed to fixed swaps?
The fixed for floating and fixed to fixed swaps are explained below −Fixed for floating swapFixed for floating swap is an agreement between the parties, which involves swapping of fixed rate loan (cash flow interest) of one party to floating rate loans of other party. A company goes for fixed for floating swaps to reduce interest expenses and for match assets and liabilities that are more sensitive to floating interest rates.Reasons to go for fixed for the floating swap are as follows −Reduces interest rates.Diversifies risk.Performs financial hedges (expecting decreasing of interest rates).Match between assets and liabilities, which are sensitive ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between skimming and scanning reading skills?
Reading is often treated as a leisure activity but very few people know that it is actually a technique. Skimming and scanning are the two often confused techniques for reading or to be specific reading strategies.SkimmingSkimming often refers to the way in which one reads at a faster rate to gain the general idea about the text without paying heed to the intentional and detailed meaning of the text.For Example - When one reads the text only in order to understand the thesis statement, in one or two lines.Skimming is achieved by reading that text only which is considered to be ...
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