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To combine two rows in R matrix by addition, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a matrix.Then, using plus sign (+) to add two rows and store the addition in one of the rows.After that, remove the row that is not required by subsetting with single square brackets.ExampleCreate the matrixLet’s create a matrix as shown below −M
It is the simplest allocation scheme in which allocation of data objects is done at compile time because the size of every data item can be determined by the compiler. The main function of static allocation is to bind data items to a particular memory location. The static memory allocation procedure consists of determining the size of the instruction and data space.Recursive Subprogram and Arrays of adjustable length are not permitted in a language. In static allocation, the compiler can decide the amount of storage needed by each data object. Thus, it becomes easy for a compiler to find the ... Read More
There are various issues in programming language design that affect the utilization of storage by a running program. There are several elements to which storage must be allocated to execute the object program. Storage space is majorly required for object programs and user-defined data structures, variables, and constants. There is also a need for storage space for procedure linkage information, temporaries required for expression evaluation, and parameter passing.There are the different ways in which various programming languages arrange space for object program are −Static storage allocation− It is the simplest allocation scheme in which allocation of data objects is done ... Read More
To find the frequency of each value in an R data frame, we can use table function along with unlist function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df and we want to find the frequency of each value in df then we can use the below command −table(unlist(df))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
Some factors affect the implementation of programming languages which are as follows −Scope − The scope of a declaration is that portion of a program where that declaration is applied. The implementation mechanism may be different for different languages. Scope rules for each language determine how to go from the declaration of the name. The usage of a name in a procedure is local if it is within the scope of a declaration within that procedure otherwise the usage is non-local. According to the scope of variables in a particular language, storage management is implemented.Lifetime of variable− The lifetime of ... Read More
To convert alphabets to numbers in data.table object in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data.table object.Then, use mutate_each function of dplyr package along with chartr function to convert alphabets to numbers.ExampleCreate the data.table objectLet’s create a data.table object as shown below −library(data.table) v1
The compiler demands a block of memory for the operating system. The compiler utilizes this block of memory executing the compiled program. This block of memory is called storage management. One of the important tasks that a compiler must perform is to allocate the resources of the target machine to represent the data objects that are being manipulated by the source program.A compiler must decide the runtime representation of the data objects in the source program. In the source program, runtime representations of the data objects, such as integers and real variables, usually take the form of equivalent data objects ... Read More
Symbol Table is a data structure that supports an effective and efficient way of storing information about various names appearing in the source program. These names are used in the source code to identify the different program elements, like a variable, constants, procedures, and the labels of statements.The symbol table is searched each time a name is encountered in the source text. When a new name or new data about an existing name is found, the content of the symbol table modifies.Therefore, the symbol table must have an efficient mechanism for accessing the data held in the table also for ... Read More
To find the percentage of values that lie within a range in R data frame column, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use sum function along with extreme values for range and length function to find the percentage of values that lie within that range.ExampleCreate the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Var
SolutionThe first number the production as below −Step1− Construct Augmented Grammar(0) S′ → S(1) S → A a(2) S → b A c(3) S → d c(4) S → b d a(5) A → dStep2− Find Closure & goto. Find the canonical set of LR (1) items for the Grammar.In the states, I0 to I10, no states have a similar first element or core. So, we cannot merge the states. Some states will be taken for building the LALR parsing table.LALR Parsing TableParsing of String "bdc"StackInput StringAction$ 0bdc $Shift 3$ 0 b 3dc $Shift 7$ 0 b 3 d 7c ... Read More