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In a binary tree, there are only two nodes (left and right) in each child node. Tree structures are simply representations of data. Binary Search Trees (BSTs) are special types of Binary Trees that meet these conditions −Compared to its parent, the left child node is smallerThe parent node of the right child is larger than the child nodeSuppose we're given a binary tree, and we are supposed to find out what's the largest binary search tree (BST) within it.In this task, we will create a function to find the largest BST in a binary tree. When the binary tree ... Read More
PGP includes the following services which are as follows −Authentication − The hash function used is SHA-1 which makes a 160 bit message digest. EP (DP) defines public encryption (decryption) and the algorithm used can be RSA or DSS.The set of SHA-1 and RSA supports an effective digital signature scheme. Because of the strength of RSA the recipient is guaranteed that only the possessor of the connecting private key can make the signature. Because of the strength of SHA-1 the recipient is guaranteed that no one else can create a new message that connects the hash code and therefore the ... Read More
PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy. It is an encryption program that uses cryptographic privacy and authentication to online communications. PGP is most generally used for maintaining contents of emails encrypted and private. PGP is accessible as a plugin for some e-mail clients, including Claris Emailer, Microsoft Outlook/Outlook Express, and Qualcomm Eudora.PGP needs a digital signature to support integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation. PGP uses a set of secret key encryption and public key encryption to support privacy. Hence, it can say that the digital signature needs one hash function, one secret key, and two private-public key pairs.PGP can be used ... Read More
In the process of pandas data cleaning, replacing missing values takes a very important role and in some conditions we must replace those missing values with the mean of series elements. This can be done by using the fillna() method.The basic operation of this pandas series.fillna() method is used to replace missing values (Nan or NA) with a specified value. Initially, the method verifies all the Nan values and replaces them with the assigned replacement value.Example 1Here we will see how the series.fillna() method replaces the missing value with mean.# importing pandas package import pandas as pd import numpy as ... Read More
Hashing is the procedure of translating a given key into a code. A hash function can be used to substitute the data with a newly generated hash code. Hash algorithms are generally used to offer a digital fingerprint of a file’s contents often used to provide that the file has not been changed by an intruder or virus. Hash functions are also employed by some operating systems to encrypt passwords. Hash functions support a measure of the integrity of a file.Hashing creates use of algorithms that convert blocks of information from a file in a much shorter value or key ... Read More
Public key cryptography is an encryption method that needs a paired public and private key (or asymmetric key) algorithm for secure data communication. Public-key cryptography is also called an asymmetric cryptography. It is a form of cryptography in which a user has a pair of cryptographic keys including public key and a private key.The keys are related numerically, but the private key cannot be changed from the public key. A message encrypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the correlating private key.There are two main branches of public key cryptography are as follows −Public Key Encryption − ... Read More
A spanning tree is a linked and undirected graph subgraph that connects all vertices. Many spanning trees can exist in a graph. The minimum spanning tree (MST) on each graph is the same weight or less than all other spanning trees. Weights are assigned to edges of spanning trees and the sum is the weight assigned to each edge. As V is the number of vertices in the graph, the minimum spanning tree has edges of (V - 1), where V is the number of edges.Finding minimum spanning tree using Kruskal’s algorithmAll of the edges should be arranged in a ... Read More
The pandas series.fillna() method is used to replace missing values with a specified value. This method replaces the Nan or NA values in the entire series object.The parameters of pandas fillna are as follows −Value − it allows us to specify a particular value to replace Nan’s, by default it takes None.Method − it is used to fill the missing values in the reindexed Series. It takes any of these values like ‘backfill’, ‘bfill’, ‘pad’, ‘ffill’, and None(default).Inplace − this parameter takes a boolean value. If it takesTrue, then the modifications are applied to the original series object itself, otherwise, ... Read More
To evaluate a 2D Legendre series at points x, y, use the polynomial.legendre.legval2d() method in Python Numpy. The method returns the values of the two dimensional Legendre series at points formed from pairs of corresponding values from x and y.The 1st parameter is x, y. The two dimensional series is evaluated at the points (x, y), where x and y must have the same shape. If x or y is a list or tuple, it is first converted to an ndarray, otherwise it is left unchanged and if it isn’t an ndarray it is treated as a scalar.The 2nd parameter ... Read More
To evaluate a 2D Legendre series at points x, y, use the polynomial.legendre.legval2d() method in Python Numpy. The method returns the values of the two dimensional Legendre series at points formed from pairs of corresponding values from x and y.The 1st parameter is x, y. The two dimensional series is evaluated at the points (x, y), where x and y must have the same shape. If x or y is a list or tuple, it is first converted to an ndarray, otherwise it is left unchanged and if it isn’t an ndarray it is treated as a scalar.The 2nd parameter ... Read More