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Asymmetric encryption is a type of encryption that needs two separates yet mathematically associated keys to encrypt and decrypt information. The public key encrypts data while its correlating private key decrypts it.Asymmetric key authentication is a cryptographic approach that uses a different verification key in the CAD than the proving key utilized by the smart card. This method is usually executed using trapdoor one-way functions, in which smart card creates an electronic signature with its secret key and the CAD needs a public key to authenticate the signature.The Rivest-Shamir-Adelman (RSA) public key cryptosystem is the generally implemented asymmetric key authentication ... Read More
A symmetric key is one that can be used both to encrypt and decrypt data. This means that to decrypt data, one should have the similar key that was used to encrypt it. Symmetric encryption is usually more effective than asymmetric encryption and therefore preferred when high amounts of data need to be exchanged.It can be creating the shared key is complex using only symmetric encryption algorithms, so in some cases, an asymmetric encryption is used to create the shared key between two parties.The Digital Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm is a symmetric key cryptography approach commonly used smart card systems. ... Read More
There are several drawbacks of Kerberos which are as follows −Password guessing attacks − Password guessing attacks are not solved by Kerberos. If a user select a poor password, it is applicable for an attacker to successfully mount an offline dictionary attack by constantly attempting to decrypt messages acquired which are encrypted under a key changed from the user's password. The goal is on designing a user authentication protocol that is not affected to password guessing attacks. The main objective is to delete this password guessing attack.KDC spoofing − This define an attack which based essentially on the capability to ... Read More
The pandas Series.cummax() method is used to find the cumulative maximum of the elements in a series object.The length of the output series has the same length as the input series object. The output series is returned from the series.cummax() method which consists of a cumulative maximum whereas the first element remains the same.This method takes three parameters namely “axis”, “skipna” and additional keywords. The “skipna” parameter excludes Nan/null values by default, if we set it to “False” then it includes Nan/null values.Example 1# importing required packages import pandas as pd import numpy as np # create a pandas ... Read More
Dynamic Password is also known as One Time Password. It is used to solve the traditional problems which occur when the static Password authentication cannot cope with eavesdropping and replaying, making, guessing, etc.Using dynamic password, uncertainties will be treated in authentication information during the procedure of lodging to make authentication information different every time, which can enhance the security of information in the procedure of lodging. This technology can effectively prevent replay attack, and solve the issues that the static password is likely to be stolen in transmission and database.There are three fields which are transmitted to authentication server or ... Read More
The Series.cov() method in pandas is used to calculate the Covariance of the Series with the other Series by excluding null/NA or missing values.The covariance is a way of calculating the relationship between two random variables and it will tell us how much two random variables vary together.The output for this cov() method is a floating-point value that represents the covariance between two Series.This method has three parameters, which are other, min_period, and ddof.Example 1import pandas as pd import numpy as np # create pandas Series1 series1 = pd.Series([12, 34, 65, 21]) print("First series object:", series1) # create ... Read More
Smart Card Authentication is a means of checking users into enterprise resources including workstations and applications using a physical card in tandem with a smart card reader and application on the workstation. Smart card authentication is hugely secure but it has a poor user experience and is expensive to deploy and maintain.Smart card systems enable a distributed transaction network, without physical link between network terminals. The smart card is the data distribution tool that supports the data used in transactions. The terminal or card acceptor device (CAD) processes the smart card supplied data based on business processes for its application.A ... Read More
The count() method in the pandas series is used to count the valid elements of a series object. This means it counts the number of non-null values of a series object.This method takes only one parameter “level”, which takes an integer value for selecting the particular level of a MultiIndex object, by default the parameter value is None.The output for this counting method is an integer value, which indicates the number of non-null values of a given series.Example 1import pandas as pd import numpy as np #create a pandas Series series = pd.Series([18, 23, 44, 32, np.nan, 76, 34, ... Read More
There are several applications of smart card which are as follows −A smart card is a device generally the size and shape of a credit card and includes one or more integrated chips that implements the functions of a computer with a microprocessor, memory, and input/output. Smart cards can be used to offer increased functionality and an increased level of security over memory cards when used for recognition and authentication.Smart Cards are plastic cards that have integrated circuits or storage receptacles embedded in them. Smart cards with integrated circuits that can perform transactions and are defined as “active” smart cards.A ... Read More
A smart card is a card that stores data on a microprocessor or memory chip instead of the magnetic stripe found on ATM and credit cards. A smart card is a secure microcontroller that is generally used for generating, saving and working on cryptographic keys.Smart card authentication supports users with smart card devices for the goals of authentication. Users linked their smart card to a host device. Software on the host computer connect with the keys material and other secrets saved on the smart card to authenticate the user.Smart cards are ubiquitous because of their strong authentication security and identity ... Read More