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Introduction Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a supervised algorithm used to represent data into lower dimensions which reduces the number of features while preserving enough basic information to construct the original matrix from the reduced feature space. In this article, we will be going explore more about NMF and how it can be useful. Non-Negative Matrix Factorization NMF is used to reduce the dimensions of the input matrix or corpus. It uses factor analysis which gives less importance to less relevant words. The decomposition of the original matrix(which is a non-negative matrix) thus creates a product of two non-negative coefficients ... Read More
Abstract The Linux kernel is the core component of the Linux operating system, and it is responsible for managing system resources and providing various services to user space applications. Building the Linux kernel from source is a common task for developers and system administrators, and the Makefile is the primary tool used for this purpose. One of the targets provided by the Makefile is the "oldconfig" target, which is used to update the kernel configuration file based on the current system configuration. In this tutorial, we will explain the "oldconfig" target and how to use it. Note − Linux commands ... Read More
Abstract There are countless applications for the widely used and beneficial scripting language bash. Despite the fact that the language itself is widely used, testing it is not as common. This may result in expensive mistakes and reduced trust in the code. In this article, we are going to understand how to test bash scripts with the Bats in the Linux. Note − Linux commands are case-sensitive. What is BATS? Bash Automated Testing System, sometimes known as BATS, is a testing framework. Before a bash program is released, it may be verified using this automated testing procedure that it is ... Read More
Abstract On the Linux command line, cp -r can be the first command that appears when we want to copy directories recursively. Dotfiles are understood to function under Linux as hidden files. We occasionally exclude hidden files and directories from directories while copying them recursively. We'll learn how to do it in this tutorial. Note − Linux commands are case-sensitive. SCP command Using the command-line tool SCP (secure copy), you can safely move files and directories between two places. We can copy a file or directory with scp from a local system to a remote system, from a remote ... Read More
Abstract Command-line arguments can be entered sequentially or processed into options by bash programs. These arguments are used by command-line utilities to selectively select between execution environments or conditionally trigger functions in a Bash script. They can be set up in various ways in Bash. Note − Linux commands are case-sensitive. getopt Syntax The Syntax for getopts is − $ getopts optstring opt [arg ...] The following applies to the aforementioned function − The options are represented by an optstring. If there is a colon (:) following the option, it expects a response. In the optstring, option c, ... Read More
Abstract Remote management of UNIX/Linux/BSD servers via an ssh session is a common practice. For installation, you might need to download the software or other files. For Linux operating systems, a few strong graphical download managers are available. However, the non-interactive downloader is preferred when using the wget command at the command line or shell prompt. The wget command supports a wide range of settings and Internet protocols, including HTTP, FTP, HTTPS, and others. One of the simplest uses of the wget command is to download a single file and place it in the directory where you are currently working. ... Read More
Abstract When working in a Linux environment, you have the freedom to decide how you want to download your files from a transparent URL. The majority of users are accustomed to Linux's interactive method of downloading such files. This interactive method involves using a web browser, where a user clicks on a download button that is available and waits until the file download has begun and is successfully finished. An alternate method for obtaining network-based files through a non-interactive or command-line environment is the free GNU software Wget. The Wget utility's non-interactive property suggests that your file downloads can proceed ... Read More
Abstract On Linux servers under heavy load, "too many open files" problems occur frequently. It denotes that a process is unable to open new files (file descriptors) because it has opened too many already. The "max open file limit" is predetermined by default for each process or user on Linux, and the settings are modest. The number of concurrent files descriptor users and processes is constrained. The "Too many open files error" appears when the limit is reached when the user or process tries to open more file descriptors. Therefore, increasing the maximum number of file descriptors a user or ... Read More
Abstract There may be a situation where, despite the fact that no one is attempting to access the share to your knowledge, you are unable to unmount it. This is typically seen while mounting a share. The potential error that you could experience is "the file is busy", or we may occasionally see the notice "the file is busy" when attempting to access a file. This indicates that a process is active on the system that is using the file and keeping it open for reading or writing. Sometimes, when this occurs, we'll want to figure out which process is ... Read More
Introduction In a Linux operating system, every hardware device and most software components are represented as files in /dev directory. Three commonly used devices in /dev directory are devconsole, devtty, and devtty0. These devices are essential for debugging and troubleshooting purposes. However, they have different functionalities and can be confusing for beginners. In this article, we will explain difference between devconsole, devtty, and devtty0, their uses, and how to interact with them. What is Devconsole? Devconsole is a virtual device file that represents console, which is default terminal on a Linux system. It is also known as kernel console or ... Read More