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Bronchitis and bronchiectasis are two respiratory disorders that affect the airways, particularly the bronchi, which are the tubes that carry air into the lungs. Although both conditions share some similarities, they differ in their causes, symptoms, and treatments. In this essay, we will discuss the difference between bronchitis and bronchiectasis in detail. What is Bronchitis? Bronchitis is a common respiratory disorder that occurs when the bronchial tubes become inflamed and produce excess mucus. There are two types of bronchitis: acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and is characterized by a sudden onset ... Read More
Botox and Xeomin are both branded forms of the same neurotoxin, which is used to cure or reduce the appearance of wrinkles on the face and other problems such as cervical dystonia, crossed eyes, and eyelid twitching. Dysport, Myobloc, and Jeuveau are the other available brands. Both have the same mode of action and can leave an impression for up to three months. Xeomin is sometimes referred to as "bare Botox" since it is a pure version of the neuromodulator, whereas Botox contains an inactive protein. In the following paragraphs, we'll go even deeper into the ways in which they ... Read More
Embolus and thrombus both refer to the same thing: a clot in the blood. In both cases, the constituent parts include adipose tissue, platelets, amniotic fluid, a tumour, air, or alien bodies. When a blood clot or embolus forms, it does so inside the circulatory system. Emboli are not the same as thrombosis (the development of a blood clot). Yet, both are characterised by a blood clot. A thrombus forms inside the blood vessel. Hence, the blood vessel's ability to transport blood is impaired. Embolus fragments or other foreign or foreign-like substances can cause embolism when they become stuck in ... Read More
Introduction Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of lymphocytes derived from lymphoid stem cells. These are the important components of innate immunity and eliminate pathogens by releasing some chemicals called cytokines which are similar to the ones produced by the T cells. Natural killer cells are indeed the lethal weapons of the immune system. Properties of NK Cells A few properties of NK cells are discussed below − NK cells constitute only 5-10% of the lymphocytes. These NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that contain a large round nucleus when compared to RBC. NK cells ... Read More
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are several types of influenza viruses that affect humans, including influenza A, B, and C viruses. Among these, influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes based on their surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The two subtypes that have caused pandemics in the past are H1N1 and H3N2. However, other subtypes of influenza A viruses, including H5N1 and H1N2, have also been reported to cause disease in humans. Bird flu and swine flu are both caused by influenza A viruses but are ... Read More
Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for transportation and other purposes. However, the use of fossil fuels leads to the release of greenhouse gases, which are harmful to the environment. Biofuels, on the other hand, are a renewable energy source that can be produced from plant or animal matter. In this essay, we will discuss the difference between biofuel and fossil fuel. What is Biofuel? Biofuel is liquid fuel that has been made from biomass, a collective term referring to crops, plant residues, organic waste, and anything that originated from a living organism. The most common forms of ... Read More
Beakers and graduated cylinders are two of the most common laboratory glassware used for measuring volumes of liquids. Both have a similar cylindrical shape and are made of glass, but they differ in their design, function, accuracy, and precision. In this essay, we will discuss the differences between beakers and graduated cylinders in detail. What is a Beaker? This is a cylindrical container with a small pouring lip that is used for transporting and mixing solutions. They can be made with glass, metal, and even certain plastics. They are graduated to assist in obtaining an exact measurement of a solution. ... Read More
Bark beetles and termites are both insects that cause damage to trees and other wooden structures. However, there are several key differences between the two that make them unique in terms of their biology, behavior, and impact on the environment. What is Bark Beetle? The bark beetle is a common bug that lives in forests all across the globe. They have the form of a cylinder and rarely exceed 6 millimetres in length. It is common for bark beetles to construct their nests in wood. The females bore into a tree to lay their eggs, usually accompanied by a male. ... Read More
Introduction Totipotency is the ability of the cells to give rise to a whole new organism providing appropriate nutritional and environmental conditions. This property of Totipotency is seen in spores and zygotes. In plants, this Totipotency is seen in meristematic cells. In Totipotency, every single cell can form either tissue, an organ, or an entire plant. Due to this property of plants, we can observe tissue regeneration. Molecular Basis of Cellular Totipotency Every organism has almost identical DNA and this genetic material is packaged with the help of histones and other remodeling complexes to form chromosomes or chromatin. This ... Read More
Introduction Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells in the immune system. These are the main type of cells found in the lymph of a lymphatic system. These constitute about 18-42% of the circulating leukocytes present in the lymph. Usually, lymph contains waste products from the tissues, pathogens from the infected tissues, and also some proteins. Lymphocytes are mainly produced in the bone marrow through mitosis. Some of the cells remain in the bone marrow where as some lymphocytes move to the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ where its maturation occurs. Upon maturation, these cells move to the secondary ... Read More