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Organizing Python modules efficiently is important to maintain scalability and collaboration. Following best practices can make your project easier to understand and use. In this article, we will discuss about an structure approach to organize Python modules with a sample project and some of the best practices to organize. Sample Project Structure Samplemod is an example of a well-structured project that focuses on creating sample module. Below is the directory structure of this project - README.rst LICENSE setup.py requirements.txt sample/__init__.py sample/core.py sample/helpers.py docs/conf.py docs/index.rst tests/test_basic.py tests/test_advanced.py Let's look at these one by one - ... Read More
Regular expressions are a very crucial part of Python's built-in 're' module. It is used to work with text data. One of the advantages of regex is the ability to use alternatives, which allows you to match one pattern out of multiple options. Alternatives in the regular expressions function are just like "or" statements. They help you to define many patterns to match against a given string. The vertical bar | denotes the "or" operator in regex. For example, the regex pattern PHP|Python will match either "PHP" or "Python" in a given string. The following are the 4 different ways ... Read More
The Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted as F(n) forms a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence. In Fibonacci series, each number is the sum of the two previous two numbers, starting from 0 and 1. It is represented as F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2). The matrix exponentiation method is used to calculate the powers of matrix efficiently with better time complexity. In this article, we provide a value of n. This n is the value up to which we want to find the Fibonacci numbers using the matrix exponentiation method in C++. Here is an example of the Fibonacci series up to ... Read More
We are given an array of integers, and we need to find the maximum sum of a contiguous subarray using Kadane’s Algorithm. Kadane’s Algorithm is an efficient way to find the maximum subarray sum in O(n) time complexity. For example, in the array {-2, 1, -3, 4, -1, 2, 1, -5, 4}, the subarray [4, -1, 2, 1] has the maximum sum 6. In this article, we are going to implement Kadane's algorithm using C. What Is Kadane's Algorithm? Kadane's algorithm is a popular and optimal algorithm used to find the maximum sum of a contiguous subarray in a given ... Read More
Decimal numbers are the set of numbers with base 10, whereas binary numbers are the numbers with base 2. In this article, we will learn how to convert a decimal number to a binary number using stack data structure in C++ program. First of all, let's understand how decimal to binary conversion technique works. Decimal to Binary Conversion Technique To convert a decimal number to a binary number follow the steps below: Divide the decimal number by 2 Save the reminder (either 1 or 0) in a place. ... Read More
In C++, constructer is a special member function used to initialize objects. However, the constructor may encounter a scenario where it can't successfully initialize an object. For example, failing to allocate memory or open a necessary file. In such a scenario, throwing an exception from a constructor is the appropriate way to signal failure (where the constructor is unable to perfectly initialize an object). Why Throw Exception from Constructors? If it fails to create an object. It's important to prevent the use of partially constructed objects. Throwing an exception allows us to: Signal an error ... Read More
Fermat's Little theorem states that if 'p' is a prime number and 'a' is an integer that is not divisible by p, then a^(p-1) ≡ 1 modulo p or a^(p-1) mod p = 1. We will use Fermat's Little theorem to test whether the given number is a prime number or not. In this article, we have a number num and a given number of iterations itr. Our task is to implement a primality test for the given number using Fermat's theorem in C++. Steps to Perform Fermat Primality Test The steps to perform Fermat's Primality test are as ... Read More
In Python, the declarations within a class are not equivalent to those within the __init__() method. Let's discuss the class and __init__() method. A class is a collection of objects. It contains the blueprints or the prototype from which the objects are being created. It is a logical entity that contains some attributes and methods. Python '__init__()' The Python __init__() function is one of the OOP's concepts. The __init__() is called automatically whenever the object is been created to a class. The __init__() function is also known as a constructor. Constructors are used to initialize ... Read More
In Python, when a class is derived from more than one super-class or base class, it is known as multiple inheritance. Following is the syntax of multiple inheritance in Python - class Super1: pass class Super2: pass class MultiDerived(Super1, Super2): pass Example ofMultiple Inheritance Let's understand multiple inheritance with the following example. Here, we have created two superclasses or base classes, i.e., Superclass1 and Superclass2, and the derived class is the child class. We then create an object Obj_1 of the child class to call its methods as ... Read More
The update method is one of the methods of the dictionary data structure. It is used to update the values in the already created dictionary, which means it adds a new key-value pair to the dictionary. The updated key and value will be updated at the last. Python update() Method in Dictionary The dictionary is represented by curly braces{}. The dictionary contains key and value pairs, collectively called items, which can accept any data type of elements as values. It is mutable, which means once the dictionary is created, we can apply the changes. It has key-value pairs separated by ... Read More