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In Python, the dict.items() and dict.iteritems() methods are used to return a dictionary. The only difference is that the dict.items() returns the keys and value pairs in the form of a list of tuple pairs, whereas the dict.iteritems() returns an iterator over the dictionary’s (key, value) tuple pairs. The dict.items() and dict.iteritems() functions are present in Python 2.x versions. The dict.iteritems() function is omitted from the Python 3.x version. Example - 'dict.items()' in Python 2.x version Following is an execution of the dict.items() in Python 2.x version - my_dict={1:'one', 2:'two', 3:'three', 4:'four'} print(my_dict.items()) Output Following is the output ... Read More
Complex numbers are numbers that have both real and imaginary components in the structure, a+bi. You can find the square root of complex numbers in Python using the cmath module. This module in Python is exclusively used to deal with complex numbers.Square Root of Complex Numbers Using cmath.sqrt() The cmath.sqrt() function is a part of Python's cmath module, that takes a number which is an integer or float (real or complex) and returns the complex square root of x. Below are some examples of scenarios where the function can be used - Example - Basic Complex Number In the below ... Read More
A convex hull is the smallest convex polygon with maximum area and minimum perimeter that encloses all the given points in a 2D plane. In this article, we will learn how to write C++ program to implement Graham Scan Algorithm to find convex hull. The objective of this problem is to take a set of x and y coordinates of a 2d plane as input, and display coordinate point from the set which are part of convex hull. // Input Set of points: {0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 0}, {1, 2}, {0, 2} // Output Boundary ... Read More
A convex hull is the smallest convex polygon with maximum area and minimum perimeter that encloses all the given points in a 2D plane. In this article, we will learn how to write C++ program to implement Jarvis March Algorithm to find a convex hull. The objective of this problem is to take a set of x and y coordinates of a 2d plane as input, and display coordinate point from the set which are part of convex hull. // Input Set of points: {0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 0}, {1, 2}, {0, 2} // Output ... Read More
In Python, when working with files and directories, we may often need to get a list of subdirectories within a specific location, especially the current working directory. In this article, we are going to use the different methods available in Python to get a list of all subdirectories in the current directory. Using os Module While working with files, one of the most widely used approaches is using os module. This module provides a way to interact with the operating system to perform tasks such as navigating directories, reading file structures, and more. In this module, we have a ... Read More
In Java, a GridLayout puts all the components in a rectangular grid and is divided into equal-sized rectangles, and each component is placed inside a rectangle whereas GridBagLayout is a flexible layout manager that aligns the components vertically and horizontally without requiring that the components be of the same size. Java GridLayout A GridLayout arranges the components in a rectangular grid. It arranges components in the cells, and each cell has the same size. Components are placed in columns and rows. GridLayout(int rows, int columns) takes two parameters that are a column and a row. Syntax The following is the ... Read More
In Java, the exceptions are of two types: checked and unchecked exceptions. A checked exception is an exception that occurs at compile time; these are also called compile-time exceptions. An unchecked exception occurs at the time of execution. These are also called Runtime Exceptions. In this article, we will learn to create a custom unchecked exception in Java. We can create a custom unchecked exception by extending the RuntimeException class in Java. What are unchecked exceptions? The unchecked exceptions inherit from the Error class or the RuntimeException class. Many programmers feel that we cannot handle these exceptions in our programs because they represent the type of errors ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to implement a JLabel text with different colors and fonts in Java. JLabel is commonly used for simple text display, it can be enhanced to show text with multiple colors and fonts. JLabel A JLabel class can extend the JComponent class, and an object of JLabel provides text instructions or information on a GUI. A JLabel can display a single line of read-only text, an image, or both text and an image. A JLabel can explicitly generate a PropertyChangeListener interface. Different Approaches The following are the two different approaches to implementing a JLabel text ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to change each column width of a JTable in Java. JTable is Swing's strongest component for displaying and editing tabular information. Adjusting column widths appropriately to display content is among the most prevalent needs for customization. JTable A JTable is a subclass of JComponent for displaying complex data structures. A JTable can follow the Model View Controller (MVC) design pattern for displaying the data in rows and columns. The DefaultTableModel class can extend AbstractTableModel and it can be used to add the rows and columns to a JTable dynamically. Syntax The following is ... Read More
The Font class in Java is responsible for setting screen fonts, which are mapped to characters of the language in specific regions. But a FontMetrics class is said to be a font metrics object that encapsulates the data about the rendering of a specific font on a particular screen. Font A Font class can be used to create an instance of a Font object to set the font for drawing text, labels, text fields, buttons, etc, and it can be specified by its name, style, and size. Syntax The following is the syntax for Font initialization: Font font = new ... Read More