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In this article, we will learn what is graph structured stack and how to implement it in a C++ program. What is Graph Structured Stack? Graph structured stack is a directed acyclic graph, where each directed path represents a stack. In this types of stack, the flow of execution is not linear like a traditional stack, instead the flow is represented using a graph structure. Each node in the graph can represent a function call or a state, and the edges define possible transitions or calls. This type of stacks are useful in advanced control flow handling like backtracking, ... Read More
Bit array is used to store true/false or yes/no type of values in very less memory. In this article, we will see how to create and use a bit array in C++. What is Bit Array? Bit array is a special array where each element can hold only 0 or 1. Instead of using a full byte (8 bits) for each boolean value, a bit array stores multiple values using just one bit each. Meaning, in a normal array of bool values, each value takes at least one byte. But in bit array, we store 8 values in one ... Read More
AI tools can greatly improve your performance and confidence, whether you're in school, college, or getting ready for competitive tests. Read this article to understand how AI can help students prepare better for their exams by delivering intelligent practice tools.How AI can Help you Perform Better in Exams?Specific EducationEvery child learns differently. Some like to read or listen, while others like to understand blind subjects. The platforms powered by AI adjust the speed, qualifications and deficiencies of each student. Through quiz and analysis, these technologies evaluate your knowledge and then change lessons to focus on areas that want to improve. ... Read More
&& is a new reference operator defined in the C++11 standard. int&& a means "a" is an r-value reference. && is normally only used to declare a parameter of a function. And it only takes an r-value expression.Simply put, an r-value is a value that doesn't have a memory address. E.g., the number 6 and character 'v' are both r-values. int a, a is an l-value, however, (a+2) is an r-value. Example #include using namespace std; void foo(int&& a) { cout
cin is an object of the input stream and is used to take input from input streams like files, console, etc. cout is an object of the output stream that is used to show output. Basically, cin is an input statement while cout is an output statement.They also use different operators. cin uses the insertion operator( >> ) while cout uses the extraction operator( >), which helps to extract the input from the cin and stores it in a variable. It automatically skips the whitespaces (spaces, tabs, newlines) until a special method like getline() is used. Syntax Here is the ... Read More
When we start programming then printing different star patterns helps us build our logic and problem-solving skills. One of the easiest and beginner patterns is the hollow rectangle pattern. In this article, we are going to learn how we can print the hollow rectangle pattern using different approaches in Python. Hollow Rectangle Pattern A Hollow rectangle pattern is a rectangle-shaped pattern printing of stars where the stars are present only on the boundaries of the rectangle. The rectangle is hollow, i.e., the stars are printed only on the boundaries of the rectangle, while the inner area remains empty. ***** ... Read More
This article will discuss how to print the first character of each word in a given string. For example, if we have the string "Hello John", the output should be H J. In Java, the String class is used to represent character strings. All string literals in a Java program are implemented as instances of the String class. Strings in Java are immutable, which means that once a string is created, its value cannot be changed. To print the first character of each word in a String, we have the following approaches - Using split() ... Read More
In Java, ArrayList and HashSet are the most important classes of the Collection Framework. Both are used to "store collections of elements", but they are used for different purposes and have different characteristics. ArrayList is an "ordered collection" that allows duplicate elements, while HashSet is an "unordered collection" that does not allow duplicates. ArrayList vs HashSet in Java Here are some key differences between ArrayList and HashSet in Java: Key ArrayList HashSet Implementation ArrayList is the implementation of the List interface. HashSet, on the other hand, is the implementation of a set interface. ... Read More
String representation of numbers is nothing but converting numeric values into their corresponding string values using methods like toString(). In Java, this can be done by calling the toString() method on wrapper classes such as Integer, Float, and Double. The toString() method is an important method of Object class and it can be used to return the string or textual representation of an object. The object class's toString() method returns a string as the name of the specified object's class which is followed by ?@' sign and the hashcode of the object (java.lang.String;@36f72f09) String Representation Using toString() Method To get ... Read More
This article will discuss how to check if a string ends with a specific substring, which means we need to verify whether the last part of the string matches a given sequence of characters or not. For example, if the given input string values are "Gaint", "allegiant", "applicant", "combatant", "elephant", and if the substring is "ant", the result would be true for all the given values. A String is an object that represents an immutable sequence of characters and cannot be changed once created. The java.lang.String class can be used to create a string object. There are several ways to ... Read More