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In Python, you may notice that code runs faster when it is placed inside a function rather than running directly in the top-level script (global scope). This is due to how Python manages variable lookups and optimizes execution inside functions. Functions have their own local scope, which is much faster to access compared to the global scope. Also, Python internally applies several optimizations when it detects function boundaries. Reasons for Faster Execution in Functions Here are the main reasons why Python code executes faster inside a function - Local Variable Access: Local variables are stored in a fixed-size array, ... Read More
In Python, an exception is an error that occurs at the time of execution. These will terminate the program abruptly. If you are a programmer looking to raise meaningful exceptions, it is important to know the list of standard exceptions Python provides. What Are Python Exceptions? Exceptions in Python are built-in classes that inherit from the base class BaseException. They help you to manage errors like missing files, wrong data types, division by zero, or custom business logic violations. Where Can You Find the Full List? The complete list of built-in exceptions is available in the official Python documentation. You ... Read More
In Python, indentation is used to define the structure and flow of code. Unlike many other programming languages that use braces to define code blocks, Python relies on indentation. If the indentation is incorrect or inconsistent, Python will throw an IndentationError, specifically an unexpected indent error. In this article, we will understand what the unexpected indent error is, how it occurs, and how to fix it. Understanding Indentation in Python In Python, indentation is used to define the boundaries of code blocks, such as loops, conditionals, functions, and classes. Python uses indentation levels (spaces or tabs) to define code blocks, ... Read More
The error that occurs at runtime after successful compilation of the Java program is called a runtime error or unchecked exception. It disrupts the normal flow of a program’s execution and terminates the program abruptly.These errors are not detected by the compiler but by JVM. The runtime errors in Java are represented by a class called RuntimeException. In this article, we are going to learn what RuntimeException is and its common types. Also, we will discuss how to handle RuntimeException in Java. What is RuntimeException in Java? In Java, the RuntimeException of the java.lang package is a parent class of ... Read More
A Character class is a subclass of the class named Object, and it wraps a value of the primitive type char. An object of type Character contains a single field whose type is char. Unicode Category of a Character In Java, the Unicode category of a character refers to the classification of characters based on their general type or usage, such as letters, digits, punctuation, symbols, etc. The java.lang.Character class provides methods to find the category of a character according to the Unicode standard. Unicode Category of a Character using getType() One of the basic ways to find the Unicode ... Read More
This article explains several strategies to avoid deadlock in Java, including a brief introduction to deadlock, strategies, and respective examples. Deadlock in Java In case of multi-threading, a deadlock is a programming situation where two or more threads are holding resources needed by other threads and are blocked forever, waiting for each other (to release the required resource). A deadlock condition will occur with at least two threads and two or more resources.How To Avoid Deadlock in Java? Following is a list of strategies to avoid the deadlock in Java: ... Read More
Yes, we can define multiple methods in a class with the same name. But if we have two methods with the same name, the compiler should be able to differentiate between the two methods. Therefore, in Java, "we can define multiple methods" with the same name in a single class, as long as each method has a different set of parameters. When we invoke a method, the compiler executes the respective body (code) based on the arguments passed.This concept is known as method overloading. Method Overloading in Java In Java, method overloading is a type of compile-time polymorphism. Polymorphism is one ... Read More
The java.lang.String class represents an immutable sequence of characters and cannot be changed once created. We need to instantiate this class or assign values directly to its literal to create a string in Java. The String class does not provide any built-in method to sort the contents of a string. To sort a String, we need to convert it into a character array using the toCharArray() method and sort the array. To sort a character array, we can either use the Arrays.sort() method or use sorting algorithms. Since the given task is to sort a string without using any predefined methods, we ... Read More
This article will briefly discuss the run() and start() methods, and also explain when to call run() instead of the start() method. Calling run() Method Instead of start() Usually, to execute a thread, we will call the start() method, and the start method calls run() implicitly, and the contents of the run() method will be executed as a separate thread. We can also call the run() method explicitly instead of the start() method. If we do so, we will be executing the contents of the run method in the current thread but not in a separate one. In this case, the ... Read More
The Character class is a subclass of the Object class, and it wraps a value of the primitive type char in an object. An object of type Character class contains a single field whose type is char. We can print all the capital letters of a given string using the following approaches - Using isUpperCase() Method Using ASCII Comparison Using isUpperCase() Method The isUpperCase() is the method of the Character class. It accepts a character as a parameter and returns true if it is an uppercase letter and false if not.To ... Read More