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Language models in NLP are statistically generated computational models that capture relations between words and phrases to generate new text. Essentially, they can find the probability of the next word in a given sequence of words and also the probability of a entire sequence of words. These language models are important as they help in various NLP tasks such as machine translation, language generation, and word completion among others. You may not realize it, but when typing on computers or phones often the corrections made and your writing are essentially guided by NLP; Word completion and sometimes error detection ... Read More
Instagram is a popular social media platform that allows users to connect and share content with their followers. As a developer, there might be a need to automate certain tasks on Instagram, such as extracting follower data. Instagram's follower popup only loads a limited number of followers at a time, requiring users to scroll down to view more followers. In this article, we will explore how to scroll down the followers popup on Instagram using Python. Syntax webdriver.Chrome('path/to/chromedriver Here, this method is used to create an instance of the Chrome WebDriver. It requires providing the path to the chromedriver ... Read More
In Python, the grouping of elements in a tuple list based on the values of their second elements can be done using various methods like using a dictionary or using itertools.groupby() method, and using defaultdict from collections. Group first elements by second elements in the Tuple list means the tuple having the same second element can be grouped into a single group of elements. In this article, we will discuss, how we can implement these methods so that we are able to easily group first elements based on second elements in a tuple list. Method 1: Using a Dictionary This ... Read More
Group concatenate till K means concatenating elements within a group or sequence until a specific condition is met. In Python we can group concatenate till K using various methods like using a loop and accumulator, Using itertools.groupby(), and using regular expressions. In this article, we will use and explore all these methods to Group concatenate till K or a certain condition is met. Method 1: Using a Loop and Accumulator This method utilizes a loop and an accumulator to group elements until the target value K is encountered. It iterates through the list, accumulating elements in a temporary group until ... Read More
Golomb encoding is a data compression technique used to encode non−negative integers with a specific distribution. It was introduced by Solomon W. Golomb in 1966 and has been widely used in various applications, including video and image compression, information retrieval, and data storage. In this article, we will explore Golomb encoding and understand the two cases i.e. base is a power of 2(b=2^n) and when the base is not a power of 2 (b ≠ 2^n). Golomb Encoding for b=2^n (Base is power of 2) When the base is a power of 2, Golomb encoding becomes relatively simpler. Let's consider ... Read More
In Python, we can get the object with a max attribute value in a list of objects using the max() function with a lambda function, using the operator module, using a custom comparison function, etc. In this article, we will explore different methods that can be used to get the objects with the max attribute value. Algorithm To get the object with the maximum attribute value in a list of objects, you can follow this common algorithm: Initialize a variable, let's call it max_object, to None initially. Iterate over each object in the list. For each object, compare its ... Read More
To retrieve the indices of all occurrences of a specific element in a list using Python we can use methods like using for loop, using list comprehension, using enumerate() function, using the index() method in a while loop, etc. In this article, we will explore these different methods and perform the operations to get the indices of all occurrences of an element in a list. Method 1: Using for loop In this method, we start iterating through the list and comparing each element to the desired element. If the element matches we add its index to the index list. Algorithm ... Read More
In Python, the slice method allows us to extract specific elements from a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples. It provides a concise and flexible way to work with subsequences within a larger sequence. In this article, we will explore how to obtain the sum of the last K items in a list using slice operations. Algorithm To find the sum of the last K items in a list, we can follow a simple algorithm: Accept the list and the value of K as inputs. Use the slice operator to extract the last K items from the list. ... Read More
Dictionaries in Python allow you to store key−value pairs, making it easy to organize and access data efficiently. Sometimes, we may need to retrieve specific items from nested levels within a dictionary. We can use the isinstance() with the recursion method and dict.get() method to get the nested−level items from the dictionary. In this article, we will explore different ways to get particular nested−level items from Dictionary in Python. Nested Dictionary A nested dictionary is a dictionary that contains other dictionaries as values. This allows for the creation of hierarchical structures, where data is organized in a tree−like fashion. Each ... Read More
The Hyperlink−Induced Topic Search (HITS) algorithm is a popular algorithm used for web link analysis, particularly in search engine ranking and information retrieval. HITS identifies authoritative web pages by analyzing the links between them. In this article, we will explore how to implement the HITS algorithm using the Networxx module in Python. We will provide a step−by−step guide on how to install the Networxx module and explain its usage with practical examples. Understanding HITS Algorithm The HITS algorithm is based on the idea that authoritative web pages are often linked to by other authoritative pages. It works by assigning ... Read More