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C++ Deque Library - back() Function
Description
The C++ function std::deque::back() returns a reference to the last element of the deque. Calling this function on empty causes undefined behavior.
Declaration
Following is the declaration for std::deque::back() function form std::deque header.
C++98
reference back(); const_reference back() const;
Parameters
None
Return value
Returns a reference to the last element. If deque object is contant qualified then method returns constant reference otherwise non constant reference.
Exceptions
Calling this method on empty causes undefined behavior.
Time complexity
Constant i.e. O(1)
Example
The following example shows the usage of std::deque::back() function.
#include <iostream> #include <deque> using namespace std; int main(void) { deque<int> d = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; cout << "Last element of deque = " << d.back() << endl; return 0; }
Let us compile and run the above program, this will produce the following result −
Last element of deque = 5
deque.htm
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