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Articles by sudhir sharma
Page 92 of 98
Back-off Algorithm for CSMA/CD
Back Off Algorithm is an algorithm used for collision resolution. It works as, When this collision occurs, both the devices wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting the signal again, they keep on trying until the data is transferred successfully. This is called back off, since the nodes ‘back-off’ for a certain amount of time, before they try to re-access it again. This random amount of time is directly proportional to the number of attempts it has made to transmit the signal.AlgorithmBelow is a simple flowchart to explain the Back Off Algorithm in brief.As can be seen, that ...
Read Morebeta(), betaf() and betal() functions in C++ STL
The functions beta(), betaf() and betal() are built-in functions in the standard template library of C++. These functions are used to calculate the beta function of two positive real numbers.The functions beta(), betaf() and betal() are built-in functions in the standard template library of C++. These functions are used to calculate the beta function of two positive real numbers.$B(x, y)=\int_{0}^{1}t^{(x-1)}(1-t)^{(y-1)}dt$beta()The beta() function is used to deal with values of data type double i.e. it accepts the parameter of double type and returns are double value.Syntaxdouble beta(double x, double y)Parametersx is a double value that gives the value of x in ...
Read MoreBayes Theorem for Conditional Probability in C/C++
Conditional probability denoted by P(A|B) is the probability of occurrence of an event ‘A’ given that event ‘B’ has already occurred.Formula for conditional probability −P(A|B) = P( A⋂B ) / P(B)Bayes’s TheoremIt is the formula that shows the relation between probabilities of occurrences of mutually dependent events i.e. it given the relation between their conditional probabilities.Given an event A and another event B, according to bayes’ theorem, P(A/B) = {P(B/A) * P(A)} / P(B)Lets derive the formula for Bayes’ theorem, For this we will use the formula for conditional probability, P(A|B) = P( A?B ) / P(B) —— 1 P(B|A) ...
Read Moreattributes in C++
Attributes are modern ways in C++ to standardize things if their code runs on different compilers. Attributes are used to provide some extra information that is used to enforce conditions (constraints), optimization and do specific code generation if required.These are like an information manual for the compilers to do some enforcing which will improve performance of the code. Attributes were first seen in C++ 11 and are important parts of the programming language since then, Also with every version some revisions are continuously made to make them more powerful and better.Let’s see how we can define attributes in C++For different ...
Read MorePrint all permutations with repetition of characters in C++
In this problem, we are given a string of n characters and we have to print all permutations of characters of the string. Repeating of characters of the string is allowed. The printing of permutation should be done in alphabetical order (lexicographically sorted order).Let’s take an example to understand the topic better :Input − XYOutput − XX, XY, YX, YYTo solve this problem, we need to use fix and recur logic. Here, we will fix one element at first index of the array and then recursively call for the next elements in the sequence.Let’s see an implementation example which will ...
Read MoreBinary representation of previous number in C++
In this problem, we are given the binary representation of a number and we have to find the binary representation of the previous number i.e. the number that is resulted after subtracting one from the given number.Binary representation of a number is changing the base of the number to base 2 and representing the number using only 0 or 1.For example, Binary representation of 23 is 10111.So, here we would be given a number, let's say n in binary form. And we have to find the binary representation of n-1.To solve this problem, we need to know the basics of ...
Read MoreBakhshali Approximation for computing square roots in C program
Bakhshali approximation is a method of computing the square root of a number which is not a perfect square. Now, lets brush-related terms to easily understand the concept.Square root of a number x is a number that satisfies the following condition, y2 = x.Perfect Square is a number whose square roots are w. For example 16 is perfect square as its roots are 4 and 4.There are multiple methods defined mathematically to find the square root of a number. In this tutorial, we are going to learn about Bakhshali approximation to find the square root of a number.It is a ...
Read MoreBalance pans using given weights that are powers of a number in C++ program
STATEMENT − Balance pans using given weights that are powers of a number.DESCRIPTION − In this problem we are given a pan based weighing machine. we are given a weight T and some other weights whose values are powers of a number a. We need to balance the pans using the given weights.Now, based on this we have this equation, T + (some power of a) = (some other power of a)Now, we should remember that there is exactly one weight corresponding to a power value.Example, T = 12 : a = 4Using the below values, we can balance the ...
Read MoreC++ Balanced expression with replacement
A balanced expression of parentheses is an expression that contains pairs of all sort of parentheses together in a correct order.this means that for every opening parentheses there is a closing parentheses in proper order of parentheses i.e. { }.let's take a few examples to understand the concept better −Expression − {([][]{})({}[]{})}Output − balancedExplanation − we can see that for every opening parentheses there is a closing parentheses. all the parentheses lying between an opening parentheses and closing parentheses in Pairs.Output − not balanceExplanation − there are some unordered pairs of parentheses which makes the the expression unbalanced.In this problem ...
Read MoreWrite a program to calculate pow(x,n) in C++
In this problem, we are given two integers x and n. Our task is to write a program to calculate the pow(x,n). Let's take an example to understand the problem, Input: x = 5 , n = 3 Output: 125 Example Program to calculate the pow(x,n): #include using namespace std; float myPow(float x, int y) { if (y == 0) return 1; float temp = myPow(x, y / 2); if (y % 2 == 0) return temp * temp; else { if (y > 0) return x * temp * temp; else return (temp * temp) / x; } } int main() { float x = 5; int n = 7; cout
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