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Articles by Ravi Ranjan
Page 8 of 12
C++ Program to Generate a Random Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for a Given Number of Edges
A Directed Acyclic Graph or DAG is a directed graph (a graph where each edge has a direction) that has no cycles present i.e. if we traverse along the direction of the edges then no closed loops are formed along any path. A DAG is always topologically ordered, i.e. for each edge in the graph, the start vertex of the edge(u) occurs earlier in the sequence than the ending vertex(v) of the edge i.e.(u {B C} B -> {Isolated Vertex} C -> {Isolated Vertex} D -> {B E} E -> {C} Steps to Generate Random Directed Acyclic Graph The ...
Read MoreC++ Program to Compute DFT Coefficients Directly
DFT stands for Discrete Fourier Transform. DFT is a mathematical technique in which we convert the signals of the time domain to their respective signal in the frequency domain, i.e., converting into a list of numbers that tell us which frequencies are present in that signal. Here, by time signal, we mean signals such as audio, temperature, etc. that changes over time. The frequency signal means the frequency of each signal present in the time signal. The numbers that tell us which frequencies are present in the signal are called the coefficients. In this article, our task is to compute ...
Read MoreWhy C/C++ variables doesn’t start with numbers
In C/C++, a variable name can have alphabets, numbers, and the underscore( _ ) character. There are some keywords in the C/C++ language. Apart from them, everything is treated as an identifier. Identifiers are the names of variables, constants, functions, etc. Why Variables in C/C++ Can't Start with Numbers? In C and C++, variable names (also, known as identifiers) cannot start with a digit due to how the compiler processes code during compilation. First, we need to understand the phases of compilation or compiler. There are seven phases in a typical compiler: Lexical Analysis ...
Read MoreInitialization of a normal array with one default value in C++
An array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same data type that stores data in contiguous memory locations. Initializing an array with one default value in C++ is an easy task and can be easily implemented using various approaches that we are going to understand with code examples. Initializing Array with Zeroes in C++ To initialize all elements of an array with 0, we will simply initialize the array with 0 or just use empty curly braces. Example Here is an example that uses the above mentioned methods to initialize the array with 0: #include using ...
Read MoreHow to “return an object” in C++?
An object is an instance of a class. The memory is allocated only when an object is created and not when a class is defined. How to Return an Object in C++? An object can be returned by a function using the return keyword. There is no specific technique to return an object, you can simply return it just like any other data type returning from the function. Consider the following syntax. Syntax The syntax for returning an object from the function is as follows: class_name function_name(class_name obj1) // Passing object { class_name obj2; ...
Read MoreDifference Between Copy Constructor and Assignment Operator in C++
A copy constructor is a type of constructor that uses another object from the same class that has been created previously, to initialize an object, whereas the assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. In this article, we will understand the difference between the copy constructor and the assignment operator in C++. Copy Constructor A copy constructor creates a new object by copying an existing object of the same class which has been created previously. It is of two types, i.e., Default and User-defined copy constructor. In the default copy constructor, ...
Read MoreWhy should I not #include \'bits/stdc++.h\'?
The is a header file that includes all the standard C++ library. It is used during coding contests, as it helps in saving time while solving the problem since programmers do not have to remember all the header files. In the software engineering approach, we should reduce the use of this header file, as it includes lots of files, and sometimes that may not be required in the program. So it may increase the compile time. In this article, we are going to discuss why we should not use the header file ...
Read MoreWhy do we assume strncpy insecure in C/C++?
The function strncpy() is used to copy the specified number of characters to the destination from the source. It is similar to the strcpy() function. In strncpy() function, we can specify the at most how many characters we want to copy from source to destination. In this article, we have a source string. Our task is to copy this string into a destination string using the strncpy() function and understand why it is insecure to use in C++. Syntax of strncpy() Function The syntax of the strncpy() function is as follows: char *strncpy(char *destination, char *source, size_t n); ...
Read MoreWhen are static objects destroyed in C++?
C++ Static Object A static object is declared with the static keyword. The static objects are initialized only once and stored in the static storage area. The static objects are only destroyed when the program terminates i.e. they live until program termination. In this article, we will understand static object, their types, and their examples. Syntax of Static Object The syntax for declaring a static object is as follows: Animal cat; //object declaration static Animal dog; //static object declaration Types of Static Objects The static objects can be of two types, which are mentioned below: ...
Read MoreHow to print size of array parameter in a function in C++?
To print the size of an array parameter in a function in C++, we will use the typeOf() operator. In this article, we have passed an array as an argument to the function. Our task is to print the size of this array in C++. Printing Size of Static Array Parameter When we pass an array as an argument of function in C++, it is considered as a pointer. The sizeOf() operator returns the size of the pointer, depending on the system(64-bit or 32-bit) rather than returning the size of the array. Here is a code example explaining this. ...
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