The gridExtra package works as an alternative of par(mfrow) with ggplot2, therefore, we can create multiple plots using ggplot2 and gridExtra on a single plot window. Now, if we want to give a title to all of the plots or we can say if want to give a main title ... Read More

There are fifty states in United States, few of them have short names but most of the states have a lengthy name. Therefore, if we are dealing with data that has states name of United States then it will be a little complicated to access the states by using their ... Read More

There are four main restrictions on creating a vector in R. We must remember these restrictions while creating any type of vector −A vector name cannot have % sign.A vector name cannot start with a number.A vector can start with a dot but it should not have a number after ... Read More

While we calculate correlation matrix for a data frame, all the columns must be numerical, if that is not the case then we get an error Error in cor(“data_frame_name”) : 'x' must be numeric. To solve this problem, either we can find the correlations among variables one by one or ... Read More

The size of a graph title mattes a lot for the visibility because it is the first thing people look at after plot area. Its size must not be very large nor very small but is should be different from the axis titles and axes labels so that there exists ... Read More

An R data frame can have numeric as well as factor variables. It has been seen that, factor levels in the raw data are recorded as synonyms even in different language versions but it is rare. For example, a factor variable can have hot and cold as levels but it ... Read More

When dealing with date data, we often want to find the difference between dates if the data contains two or more date values. Same thing can be done for the two columns of an R data frame that contains dates but first we need to read those date columns in ... Read More

An NA value in R represents not available or missing value, therefore, it is not useful for any type of mathematical operations. Hence, non-NA values are the values that matters and we might want to find the position of these values. We can find the position of non-NA values in ... Read More

Sometimes date vector for months is recorded in numeric form and it becomes difficult to treat or visualize it as a date vector. For example, if a vector for months has numbers 1 that represents January, 2 that represents February and so on then it is considered as a numeric ... Read More

A vector in R can have infinite number of elements but we might want to remove some of them. To remove the last elements of a vector, we can use head function with negative sign of the number of values we do not want. For example, if we have a ... Read More