Introduction Normally our immune system shows a response towards the foreign antigen and does not act against self-antigens. This phenomenon is known as self-tolerance. It refers to the lack of responsiveness to the individual’s self-antigens. Hence tolerance is antigen-specific. Immune Response Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the state ... Read More

Introduction Biofilters and Bioscrubbers are the two biotechnology systems that help in controlling air pollution and odor control. Here we use biological organisms for the removal of toxins as the harmful gases and odors caused by the activities of the industries and enterprises pose a great threat to human and ... Read More

Introduction Our immune system produces a nearly infinite number of lymphocytes and each of these expresses unique antigen-specific receptors on its cell membrane. These receptors are encoded by the random re-arrangement of pre-existing gene segments. Antigen-specific receptors are usually generated in the early development stages of lymphocytes which is prior ... Read More

Introduction ADCC is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune response where an effector cell actively involves in the lysis of the target cells which have the antigens bound to the specific antibodies. If a human body is infected by several pathogens like bacteria, in that case, our body produces antibodies that ... Read More

What are Anther and Microspore Cultures? Anther culture is a technique where the developing anther that contains microspores is cut aseptically from unopened flower buds and then cultured on the nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plants. Microspore or pollen culture is an in-vitro technique where the pollen ... Read More

Introduction Agglutination is a type of antigen-antibody reaction where the antibody interacts with the particulate antigen which eventually gives us visible clumping. Here antigen is not soluble in the aqueous environment. Antibodies here are called agglutinins and antigens are called agglutinogens. Clumping is due to the cross-linking between a polyvalent ... Read More