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Articles by Gayatri Talakokkula
Page 3 of 4
Plant Growth Regulators and Their Mode of Action
Introduction Plant growth regulators which are also called plant hormones are the ones that regulate the growth of a plant. These PGRs act as signaling molecules. These PGRs are produced within the plant in extremely low concentrations. These hormones are produced by the cells of a plant and not all regulate the growth of the plant but also determine the formation of other parts of the plant like flowers, leaves, shedding of leaves, development, and ripening of fruits, etc. In short, PGRs control all the physiological processes within the plants. Types of Plant Growth Regulators and their Mode of ...
Read MoreNatural Killer Cells or Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL) - Functions and Applications
Introduction Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of lymphocytes derived from lymphoid stem cells. These are the important components of innate immunity and eliminate pathogens by releasing some chemicals called cytokines which are similar to the ones produced by the T cells. Natural killer cells are indeed the lethal weapons of the immune system. Properties of NK Cells A few properties of NK cells are discussed below − NK cells constitute only 5-10% of the lymphocytes. These NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that contain a large round nucleus when compared to RBC. NK cells ...
Read MoreMolecular Basis of Plant Organ Differentiation
Introduction Totipotency is the ability of the cells to give rise to a whole new organism providing appropriate nutritional and environmental conditions. This property of Totipotency is seen in spores and zygotes. In plants, this Totipotency is seen in meristematic cells. In Totipotency, every single cell can form either tissue, an organ, or an entire plant. Due to this property of plants, we can observe tissue regeneration. Molecular Basis of Cellular Totipotency Every organism has almost identical DNA and this genetic material is packaged with the help of histones and other remodeling complexes to form chromosomes or chromatin. This ...
Read MoreMajor Types of Lymphocytes and their Characteristics
Introduction Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells in the immune system. These are the main type of cells found in the lymph of a lymphatic system. These constitute about 18-42% of the circulating leukocytes present in the lymph. Usually, lymph contains waste products from the tissues, pathogens from the infected tissues, and also some proteins. Lymphocytes are mainly produced in the bone marrow through mitosis. Some of the cells remain in the bone marrow where as some lymphocytes move to the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ where its maturation occurs. Upon maturation, these cells move to the secondary ...
Read MoreLymphatic System: An Overview
What is Lymphatic System and How Does it, Work? Within the human body, there is a system that works as a drainage network helping to keep the fluids balanced while also helping to fight against infections. This network is called the lymphatic system which works with the circulatory system. The lymphatic system is mainly involved in the removal of excess fluid from the body tissues and returning it to the bloodstream. Hence the lymphatic system is a subsystem for the both circulatory and immune systems. Lymphatics are usually present all over the body except the areas like CNS, bone, teeth, ...
Read MoreLymph Node and Its Significance in Cancer Staging
Lymph Nodes in Relation to an Immune System Lymph nodes are the secondary lymphoid organs of the lymphatic system. Usually the term lymphoid belongs to immune system-related functions. The lymphatic system which is an extension of the circulatory system usually carries the lymph back to the bloodstream. This lymphatic system does not have any pump but the motion of the lymph mainly occurs due to muscular movements. As the lymphatic system dumps back the lymph into the circulatory system it is said to be a backup drainage system to prevent excess fluid retention in the tissues which can lead to ...
Read MoreInfection: Types, Signs, Symptoms, and Prevention
What is an Infection? In clinical microbiology, to have knowledge of the basics one should learn to know a few very important terms like infection, immunity, disease, etc. The main terms infection and immunity are the effects which are resulted from an interaction between the host and a micro-organism. Infection occurs when organisms find their way into the host body and grow in numbers beyond the level that the immune system is able to defend against. So infection usually occurs when the natural host’s defenses like cilia, intact skin, gastric acid, and the immune system are compromised or overpowered. Infections ...
Read MoreIn-Vitro Germplasm Conservation
Introduction Term Germplasm is explained as all the genotypes of a species that could be used for breeding a new genotype. Germplasm conservation is the most effective way for maintaining the genetic traits of endangered and commercially important plants. It must be protected to ensure variability for future species improvement. For plants, germplasm may be stored as pollen, seed, stems, calli, and even a whole plant whereas for animals, genes, and body parts are stored in a gene bank or cryobank. Conventional germplasm is considered as seeds stored at ambient temperature, low temperature, and ultra-low temperatures. But many seeds produce ...
Read MoreEffects of Plant Growth Regulators on In-Vitro Culture and Regeneration
What is Regeneration? Every organism either a plant or an animal has a natural ability to grow and regenerate to a variable extent. This includes an example that every day millions of cells die and for us to survive we need to replace them with new and healthy cells. Similarly, in a plant, if we cut a shoot or its part or perform cloning it will regrow itself. It is due to the meristem cells an organism produces new cells of the same type as well as different types which differentiates to form a specialized tissue, cells, organs, and even ...
Read MoreDifference Between Central Tolerance and Peripheral Tolerance
Introduction Normally our immune system shows a response towards the foreign antigen and does not act against self-antigens. This phenomenon is known as self-tolerance. It refers to the lack of responsiveness to the individual’s self-antigens. Hence tolerance is antigen-specific. Immune Response Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to the substances or tissues that are capable to induce an immune response. It differs from the conventional methods of immune-mediated elimination of foreign antigens. Due to random genetic recombinations, immune cells genetically express receptors for the specific self and foreign antigens in the ...
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