Article Categories
- All Categories
-
Data Structure
-
Networking
-
RDBMS
-
Operating System
-
Java
-
MS Excel
-
iOS
-
HTML
-
CSS
-
Android
-
Python
-
C Programming
-
C++
-
C#
-
MongoDB
-
MySQL
-
Javascript
-
PHP
-
Economics & Finance
Articles by Akansha Kumari
Page 5 of 6
What is arrow operator in C++?
The array operator provides the direct access to array elements using their index. What is Array Operator in C++? The arrow operator in C++ is also known as the member access operator, which is used to access a member of a class, structure, or union with the help of a pointer to an object. The arrow operator allows you to directly access the member, unlike the dot operator, which first dereferences the pointer and then uses the dot operator to access it. So instead of using (*pointer).member, you can directly use pointer->member. Syntax Here is the syntax to access array ...
Read MoreWhat are cin, cout and cerr streams in C++?
The cin, cout, cerr, and clog are streams that handle standard input and output stream objects, which are defined in an header file. Standard Output Stream (std::cout) The cout is an object of class ostream that represents the standard output stream oriented to narrow characters (of type char). It corresponds to the C stream stdout. The standard output stream is the default destination of characters determined by the environment. This destination may be shared with more standard objects (such as cerr or clog). Syntax Here is the following syntax for cout in C++: cout
Read MoreHow to initialize memory with a new operator in C++?
In C++, the new operator is mainly used for allocating memory on the heap, but to initialize that memory, you need to explicitly declare and provide a value to it.Here, the new operator dynamically allocates memory for a variable or object during runtime and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. Here are the following ways you can initialize memory using the new operator: For built-in types For arrays For objects new Operator in Built-in Types The built-in types are the basic data types in C++, which ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between cerr and clog streams in c++?
cerr and clog are both objects of the stderr(standard error) stream, which is used to display error messages or diagnostics. In this article, we will learn the difference between these two in more detail. Further, the description of the cout object is also given to get a clearer picture. Unbuffered standard error stream (cerr) The cerr is the standard error stream, which is used to output the errors. This is also an instance of the ostream (as iostream means input/output stream) class. As cerr is unbuffered, therefore it's used when we need to display the error message instantly. It doesn't ...
Read MoreWhat is double address operator(&&) in C++?
&& is a new reference operator defined in the C++11 standard. int&& a means "a" is an r-value reference. && is normally only used to declare a parameter of a function. And it only takes an r-value expression.Simply put, an r-value is a value that doesn't have a memory address. E.g., the number 6 and character 'v' are both r-values. int a, a is an l-value, however, (a+2) is an r-value. Example #include using namespace std; void foo(int&& a) { cout
Read MoreWhat is the difference between cin and cout streams in c++?
cin is an object of the input stream and is used to take input from input streams like files, console, etc. cout is an object of the output stream that is used to show output. Basically, cin is an input statement while cout is an output statement.They also use different operators. cin uses the insertion operator( >> ) while cout uses the extraction operator( >), which helps to extract the input from the cin and stores it in a variable. It automatically skips the whitespaces (spaces, tabs, newlines) until a special method like getline() is used. Syntax Here is the ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between cerr and cout streams in c++?
cout is an object of the stdout stream, while cerr is an object of the stderr stream.stdout and stderr are different streams, even though they both refer to console output by default. Redirecting (piping) one of them (e.g., program.exe >out.txt) would not affect the other. These are both provided by the library in C++. In this article, we will learn the difference between these two output streams in more detail. Character Output Stream (cout) The character output stream is used to display the data or information to the console (standard output device, basically the screen), like printing messages, results, ...
Read MoreSemicolons in C++
A semicolon in C++ is used to terminate or end the statement; it tells the compiler that this particular instruction is completed.According to the ISO C++ specifications, the lexical representation of C++ programs (breaking down code into small parts) is called tokens. Some of these tokens are punctuators, which are special symbols used to structure your code. The semicolon is one of these punctuators. Example Here is the following basic example code showcasing the working of a semicolon in C++. #include using namespace std; int main() { int x = 5; // End of declaration statement x = 10; // End of assignment statement cout
Read MoreTrigraphs in C++
Trigraphs in C++ are special three-character sequences that represent a certain single character, which may not be available on some keyboards or systems. Previously, the ISO-646 character set did not have all the characters of the C syntax; therefore, some systems with their keyboard and display faced problems while dealing with those few characters.So the trigraphs have been introduced, which start with two question marks (??) and are further followed by a third character, which the compiler considers as a particular equivalent single-character. Trigraphs Table in C++ There are a total of nine trigraphs available in C++; here is the ...
Read MoreWhitespace in C++
The term Whitespace in C++ refers to the characters used for formatting, like creating spaces, tabs, and newlines. These are usually invisible in the source code output (meaning they don't appear in the actual program output); they just help to format the code and improve readability. Types of whitespace characters Here are the following four common types of whitespace characters mostly used in C++. Space (' ') Tab ('\t') Newline ('') Carriage return ('\r') Space (' ') It's a most basic whitespace ...
Read More