The Internet has become a very important part of our daily lives and has its applications in wide areas.Some of the areas in which Internet is used are −CommunicationsEducation and researchInstant messagingOnline business and shoppingOnline financial servicesFile and data sharingDeveloping collaborative softwareDesign and development of applications and computing environmentsContent managementEntertainmentSocial ... Read More

The application layer is the highest abstraction layer of the TCP/IP model that provides the interfaces and protocols needed by the users. It combines the functionalities of the session layer, the presentation layer and the application layer of the OSI model.The functions of the application layer are −It facilitates the user ... Read More

The presentation layer (Layer 6) ensures that the message is presented to the upper layer in a standardized format. It deals with the syntax and the semantics of the messages.The main functions of the presentation layer are as follows −It encodes the messages from the user dependent format to the ... Read More

In computer networks, reference models give a conceptual framework that standardizes communication between heterogeneous networks.The two popular reference models are −OSI ModelTCP/IP Protocol SuiteOSI ModelOSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It gives a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communication should be done ... Read More

Internetworking is the technique of interconnecting myriad networks together, using connecting devices like routers and gateways. The different networks are owned by different entities that widely vary in terms of network technologies. These networks may be public, private, government, business or academic in nature, whose sizes may vary from small ... Read More

Computer networks have become invaluable to organizations as well as individuals. Some of its main uses are as follows −Information and Resource Sharing − Computer networks allow organizations having units which are placed apart from each other, to share information in a very effective manner. Programs and software in any ... Read More

Heap sort is performed on the heap data structure. We know that heap is a complete binary tree. Heap tree can be of two types. Min-heap or max heap. For min heap the root element is minimum and for max heap the root is maximum. After forming a heap, we ... Read More

Exponential search is also known as doubling or galloping search. This mechanism is used to find the range where the search key may present. If L and U are the upper and lower bound of the list, then L and U both are the power of 2. For the last ... Read More

The formnovalidate attribute in HTML is useful when you have a form with more than one submit button.The formnovalidate attribute overrides another attribute of the attribute, which is known as novalidate attribute. The novalidate attribute is also a Boolean attribute, but using it won’t validate the form of submission.Note ... Read More

We can convert one data types into another data type using casting. Narrowing ConversionNarrowing refers to passing a higher size data type like int to a lower size data type like short. It may lead to data loss. Following program output will be 44.public class MyFirstJavaProgram {    public static void ... Read More