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Articles by George John
Page 14 of 79
Radio Transmission
Radio transmission utilizes electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 1 GHz for wireless communication. These radio waves are widely used because they are easy to generate, can travel long distances, and can penetrate buildings effectively. Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that transmit signals in all directions, making them ideal for broadcasting applications. However, all radio frequencies are susceptible to interference from electrical equipment like motors, fluorescent lights, and other electronic devices. Radio Wave Propagation Types Ground Wave ...
Read MoreLight Transmission
Electromagnetic waves within the frequency range of 400 THz – 790 THz are detected by the human eye and form the basis of optical communication systems. Light transmission uses line-of-sight propagation, meaning signals travel in straight lines and are blocked by physical obstacles like buildings, trees, or weather conditions. Light Transmission - Line of Sight Communication Transmitter Receiver Light Signal Obstacle blocks signal ✗ Blocked ...
Read MoreError-Detecting Codes - Checksums
When bits are transmitted over the computer network, they are subject to get corrupted due to interference and network problems. The corrupted bits lead to spurious data being received by the receiver and are called errors. Error detection techniques are responsible for checking whether any error has occurred in the frame that has been transmitted via network. They do not determine the number of error bits or the type of error, but simply detect the presence of corruption. For error detection, the sender needs to send some additional redundant bits along with the data bits. The receiver performs ...
Read MoreHandoff in Mobile Connections
In cellular communications, handoff (also called handover) is the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular network to another, or from one channel to another. In satellite communications, it is the process of transferring control from one earth station to another. Handoff is essential for preventing loss of service or interruption to a caller or data session user as they move through the network. Mobile Handoff Process Cell A (Current) Cell B (Target) ...
Read MoreCDMA2000
CDMA2000 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) version of IMT-2000 specifications developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It represents a family of 3G mobile communication standards that evolved from the earlier cdmaOne (IS-95) technology. CDMA2000 includes a group of standards optimized for different services: Voice Services − CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology), 1X Advanced Data Services − CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), 1xEV-DV (Evolution-Data and Voice) CDMA2000 Architecture Overview Mobile Device ...
Read MoreWhat is Polynomial Code?
A polynomial code is a linear code where valid codewords are represented as polynomials that are divisible by a shorter fixed polynomial called the generator polynomial. These codes are fundamental in digital communication systems for error detection and correction during data transmission and storage. The key principle behind polynomial codes is that data bits are treated as coefficients of polynomials, enabling mathematical operations that can detect and correct transmission errors effectively. Types of Polynomial Codes The main types of polynomial codes include: Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) − Most commonly used for error detection in networking ...
Read MoreCable Television
Cable television is a television delivery system that transmits programming to subscribers through coaxial or fiber optic cables. Unlike terrestrial television that uses radio waves transmitted through the air, or satellite television that relies on communication satellites, cable TV provides a direct wired connection from the service provider to the subscriber's premises. Cable television systems use a tree and branch network topology, where signals originate from a central headend facility and are distributed through a hierarchical network of cables to reach individual homes and businesses. Cable Television Network Architecture ...
Read MoreCable Modem Termination System (CMTS)
A Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) is a hardware device located at the headend of a cable TV network that connects cable subscribers to their Internet Service Provider (ISP). It enables high-speed data services like Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over the existing cable TV infrastructure. CMTS in Cable Network Architecture CMTS Headend HFC Network CM CM CM Internet/ISP ...
Read MoreHTML cite Attribute
The cite attribute in HTML provides a URL reference that explains why specific content was deleted or inserted. It is commonly used with the and elements to document the reason for changes made to the content. Syntax Following is the syntax for the cite attribute with the element − deleted content Following is the syntax for the cite attribute with the element − inserted content Here, url is the link that points to a document or resource explaining why the text was deleted or inserted. ...
Read MoreExecute a script when the media is paused either by the user or programmatically in HTML?
The onpause attribute in HTML is an event handler that triggers when a media element (audio or video) is paused, either by user interaction or programmatically through JavaScript. This attribute allows you to execute custom JavaScript functions when the media playback is paused. Syntax Following is the syntax for the onpause attribute − Following is the syntax for programmatic usage − element.onpause = function() { /* code */ }; Using onpause with Video Element The onpause attribute is commonly used with and ...
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