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Network routing is the process of determining the optimal path for data packets to travel from source to destination. There are three fundamental approaches to routing: flooding, static routing, and dynamic routing. Each method has distinct characteristics, advantages, and use cases in network communication. Flooding Flooding is the simplest routing technique that requires no network topology information, load conditions, or path cost calculations. When a node receives a packet, it forwards copies to all outgoing links except the one from which it arrived. This approach ensures that if any path exists between source and destination, the packet ... Read More
Encryption is a method to protect data by transforming plain text into an encoded format called cipher text. The main purpose of encryption is to secure data transmission and storage from unauthorized access and attacks. There are two primary types of encryption: symmetric encryption (using a single shared key) and asymmetric encryption (using a pair of public and private keys). Encryption Process Plain Text "Hello World" Encryption Algorithm + Key Cipher Text ... Read More
Network connecting devices are essential hardware components that enable computers and other electronic devices to communicate and share resources like printers, files, and internet connections within a Local Area Network (LAN) or across different networks. These devices form the backbone of modern networking infrastructure, each serving specific functions in data transmission, routing, and protocol conversion. Let us examine the key network connecting devices and their roles. Network Interface Card (NIC) A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network. The NIC is installed in an expansion slot within each computer ... Read More
TCP is a transmission control protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented communication between sender and receiver. It includes flow control mechanisms to prevent fast senders from overwhelming slow receivers, using a sliding window protocol to manage data transmission efficiently. Silly Window Syndrome is a performance problem in TCP that occurs when the effective window size becomes very small, leading to inefficient data transmission. This happens when tiny segments (sometimes just one byte) are transmitted repeatedly, causing significant overhead since the TCP header is typically 20 bytes or more. Silly Window Syndrome Problem ... Read More
Angry IP Scanner is an open-source and cross-platform network scanner designed for fast and simple IP address and port scanning. This lightweight tool allows users to scan IP addresses within any specified range through an intuitive graphical interface. When Angry IP Scanner detects an active IP address, it resolves the MAC address, hostname, and available ports. The collected data can be exported in multiple formats including TXT, CSV, XML, or IP-Port list files. Prerequisites Before installing Angry IP Scanner, ensure your system is running Ubuntu or Linux Mint with administrator privileges. The installation requires adding a third-party PPA ... Read More
BSS and ESS are fundamental terms in wireless networking that describe different types of wireless network architectures. A Basic Service Set (BSS) is a wireless network consisting of a single access point and all devices within its range, while an Extended Service Set (ESS) is a larger network comprising multiple interconnected BSSs that enable seamless roaming and extended coverage. BSS vs ESS Architecture BSS (Basic Service Set) AP ... Read More
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) faces several challenges in network environments that can significantly impact performance and efficiency. Understanding these issues and their solutions is crucial for maintaining optimal network communication. The main TCP issues include Silly Window Syndrome and Congestion Window Management problems, each requiring specific algorithmic solutions to ensure reliable and efficient data transmission. Silly Window Syndrome Silly Window Syndrome is a TCP flow control problem where the sender's window size shrinks to extremely small values, causing data packets to be smaller than the TCP header itself. This makes the TCP protocol highly inefficient as ... Read More
In today's digital world, cyber attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and organizations must continuously monitor and improve their security measures. Penetration testing, commonly known as pen testing, is a crucial step in identifying vulnerabilities and weaknesses in an organization's systems, networks, and applications. One critical area that needs to be tested is the organization's Active Directory (AD). Active Directory pen testing helps organizations proactively identify security gaps before malicious actors can exploit them, making it an essential component of comprehensive cybersecurity strategy. What is Active Directory? Active Directory is a directory service developed by Microsoft for managing ... Read More
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that spans large geographical areas, connecting multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) across cities, states, or countries. A Wireless WAN (WWAN) is a specific type of WAN that exclusively uses wireless communication technologies to establish these connections. What is a WAN? A WAN connects multiple locations across vast geographic areas, which may span states, countries, or even continents. It can be owned by a single organization or provide public access through service providers. WANs utilize both wired and wireless transmission media to establish connectivity. Types − Switched ... Read More
This article demonstrates how to configure HAProxy as a load balancer to distribute web traffic across multiple servers, providing high availability and improved performance for web applications. HAProxy is a free, open-source TCP/HTTP load balancer that ensures your website remains accessible even when individual servers fail. Server Setup Overview For this tutorial, we'll configure three CentOS 6.7 servers: HAProxy Load Balancer: 192.168.57.150 Web Server 1: 192.168.57.147 Web Server 2: 192.168.57.148 HAProxy Load Balancer Architecture HAProxy 192.168.57.150 Web Server ... Read More