Found 165 Articles for Technology

Introduction Computer networking is a critical aspect of modern technology. In today's connected world, almost every organization relies on networking to share data and resources. Networking involves connection of multiple devices, such as computers, servers, printers, and other hardware devices, to facilitate communication and data transfer. Aspiring network engineers and IT professionals must have a solid understanding of principles and practices of computer networking to build and maintain efficient network infrastructures. In this article, we'll review six best books to learn computer networking. "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach" by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross "Computer Networking: A Top-Down ... Read More

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as one of most transformative technological innovations of modern era, enabling interconnectivity of devices and machines that we use in our daily lives. IoT has revolutionized way we interact with technology and world around us, paving way for new business models, improved efficiency, and greater convenience. To enable interconnectivity of devices and machines, a robust and scalable architecture is necessary. 5-layer architecture of IoT is a widely accepted framework that provides a structured approach to IoT system design and implementation. In this article, we will explore 5-layer architecture of IoT, its sub-headings, and ... Read More

Introduction Mobile communication technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, and 4G mobile communication technology is one such example. 4G or Fourth-generation mobile communication technology is most recent and advanced version of mobile communication network that provides better speed, capacity, and coverage than its predecessors. It was first introduced in 2010 and quickly gained popularity worldwide due to its high-speed internet connectivity and better user experience. In this article, we will discuss features, benefits, and limitations of 4G mobile communication technology. Features of 4G Mobile Communication Technology The following are key features of 4G mobile communication technology − High-Speed ... Read More

Introduction As world continues to grow more digital, need for secure and robust authentication systems becomes increasingly important. Passwords have been traditional method of authentication, but with rise of hacking and other cyber crimes, new authentication methods are needed. One such method is 3D passwords, an advanced authentication system that combines multiple factors for enhanced security. This article will explore concept of 3D passwords, its advantages and disadvantages, and some examples of their usage. What are 3D Passwords? 3D passwords are a new type of authentication system that adds an extra layer of security to traditional password-based systems. They are ... Read More

Data communication is sharing information between devices over a network. Models and protocols enable it. Two common models are OSI and TCP/IP. We will explain them and the hybrid model, comparing their features, advantages and disadvantages. The OSI Model The OSI model stands for Open Systems Interconnection model. It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 as a reference model for network communication. The OSI model defines seven layers of network functions, from the physical layer that deals with the transmission medium to the application layer that interacts with the user. Each layer performs ... Read More

TCP users send packets with data and TCP header information. The header contains source, destination, and other variables. TCP header is processed at each network device during transmission. Data remains unchanged, but header details like IP address may change. Options Field in TCP Header The TCP header has an optional options field for enhancements. It can be 0-320 bits, depending on data offset size. Options field holds various types: maximum segment size, window scaling, timestamps, etc. This field shows total option length, including kind and length. Option-data field has option details like numerical value or timestamp. ... Read More

IPv4 is used for network communication. Data packets contain important info. The IPv4 header includes an options field for flexibility and control. The options field is optional and located between header length and type of service. Its presence depends on the value in the header length field. Options Field in IPv4 Header IPv4 header contains information about the source and destination of an IP packet. It also has other parameters that affect how packets are processed by routers and hosts. It consists of a fixed part of 20 bytes, followed by an optional part of up to 40 ... Read More

Blockchain is a newly popular technology widely used for the secure storage and sharing of information. It is a shared ledger that improves the ability to store data and information virtually about transactions or assets. Using this technology, the data assets can be stored digitally and the data will stay unaltered. Also, this works without any third−party intervention, which makes it even better in terms of security. And as the truth in the data is equal for all, it creates greater confidence and trust. This technology is widely used in the cryptographic industry as a public network and is very ... Read More

The technology, Internet of Things (IoT) has completely changed how we work and live. It is a system of linked devices that collaborate to exchange information and carry out different functions. In the Internet of Things, communication is essential for allowing devices to connect, work together, and share information easily. The IoT ecosystem is built on the communication capabilities of gadgets, which allows for the development of intelligent, interconnected systems that can boost productivity, decision−making, and numerous operations. IoT systems with effective communication can be built to increase productivity, enhance decision−making, and automate operations in a variety of ... Read More

The beginning of the Internet of Things (IoT) delivers a unique set of challenges that vary from those in traditional Internet settings. These challenges manifest in different forms, including the presence of diverse communication technologies, the need for application−specific Quality of Service (QoS) conditions, the handling of extensive quantities of data, & the unpredictability of network needs. Conversely, software−defined networking (SDN) offers a promising approach to effectively manage networks by cohesively employing rule−based management techniques. Software Defined Networking in IoT Software−defined Networking in the Internet of Things (IoT) presents a formidable architecture that enhances the adaptability and flexibility of ... Read More