Found 989 Articles for Software & Coding

It is one of the simplest forms of I/O where the CPU has to do all the work. This technique is called programmed I/O.Consider a user process that wants to print the Nine-character string ‘‘TUTORIALS’’ on the printer with the help of a serial interface.The software first assembles the string in a buffer in user space, as shown in the figure −ExplanationStep 1 − The user process acquires the printer for writing by using a system call to open it.Step 2 − If the printer is currently in use by another process, this system call fails and returns an error ... Read More

Communication in client-server can communicate using shared memory and message passing.These techniques can be used for communication in client-server systems.Strategies for CommunicationWe can explore three other strategies for communication in client-server systems which are as follows −SocketsA socket is defined as an end point for communication. A pair of processes communicating over network employees or a pair of sockets, one for each process.A socket is identified by an IP address connected with a port number. In general, sockets use client server architecture. The server waits for incoming client requests by listening to a specified port.Once a request is received, the ... Read More

Shared memory system is the fundamental model of inter process communication. In a shared memory system, in the address space region the cooperating communicate with each other by establishing the shared memory region.Shared memory concept works on fastest inter process communication.If the process wants to initiate the communication and it has some data to share, then establish the shared memory region in its address space.After that, another process wants to communicate and tries to read the shared data, and must attach itself to the initiating process’s shared address space.Message Passing provides a mechanism to allow processes to communicate and to ... Read More

An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer that requires the operating system to stop and figure out what to do next.Interrupt systems are nothing but while the CPU can process the programs if the CPU needs any IO operation. Then, it is sent to the queue and it does the CPU process. Later on Input/output (I/O) operation is ready.The I/O devices interrupt the data which is available and does the remaining process; like that interrupts are useful. If interrupts are not present, the CPU needs to be in ... Read More

Inter-process communication is a technique of exchanging data between two or more processes for performing some action on that data. These processes may be present on the same computer or at remote locations.The reasons for Inter-process communication are as follows −Sharing information between processesSpeed up the computation of some processIncreasing the modularity in the applicationNow, let us learn about the type of inter-process communication implemented in the following OS.AndroidAndroid OS uses the following method for sharing data between two or more processes.BindersIt is one of the ways of passing data between processes in the android operating system. The communication between ... Read More

The user interface components of the windows operating system are explained below.The main components are GUI (Graphical user interface). It is made of four parts as follows −WindowsIconsMenusPointerThe common windows controls are as follows −MinimizingMaximizingExit tabsGUI basic components are as follows −Start menu and programming groups.Task-bar shows running programs.Desktop shows icons and shortcuts.The outlines of windows operating system are, it is developed by Microsoft Corporation, interface provides multitasking capability, provides virtual memory etc.Now let us discuss some of the components of GUI which are as follows −Pointer − A symbol that appears on the screen and that you move to ... Read More

Components of UNIXGenerally, a computer system consists of four main components, called hardware, application programs, operating system, and users.Hardware − Physical devices are nothing but which we can touch and feel.Operating system − It allows the user to communicate with the hardware.Application − There are software programs which give some functionality to the user.User − One who gives instructions to the computer to perform an operation and accepts the result from the computer.If there is no hardware, the system does not have computing capability.If there is no operating system, the user cannot connect to the hardware parts to perform the ... Read More

A modern computer consists of the following −One or more processorsMain memoryDisksPrintersVarious input/output devices.So, to manage all these components, we require a layer of software in the computer system, that layer we call the Operating System (OS).An Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary or interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.It is the most important type of system software in computer systems. Without an operating system the user cannot run application programs on the computer system.Given below is the structure of an operating system −The operating system acts like a government in ... Read More

Message Passing provides a mechanism to allow processes to communicate and to synchronize their actions without sharing the same address space.For example − chat programs on World Wide Web.Now let us discuss the message passing step by step.Step 1 − Message passing provides two operations which are as follows −Send messageReceive messageMessages sent by a process can be either fixed or variable size.Step 2 − For fixed size messages the system level implementation is straight forward. It makes the task of programming more difficult.Step 3 − The variable sized messages require a more system level implementation but the programming task becomes simpler.Step ... Read More

Inter process communication requires communicating to establish a shared memory region. A shared memory region is present in the address space for the process that creates the shared memory segment. And other processes are communicating using a shared memory segment that is attaching it to their address space.Operating system prevents one process from accessing another process’s memory.In shared memory two or more processes can exchange information by reading and writing data in shared memory areas. The processes are also responsible for ensuring that they are not writing to save location.Producer-consumer problemNow, let us discuss producer-consumer process problems.Step 1 − A ... Read More