Timeouts play an important role when we don't want to wait for the output for some goroutines that are taking more time than what they should take. It should be noted that Go directly doesn't support timeouts, but we can implement them without any difficulty.Let's suppose we have a case where we want to receive some value from a channel ch, but we don't want to wait for more than 3 seconds for the value to arrive. If we get the output after the required 3 seconds, then we want to discard it and print a different message instead of waiting for ... Read More

In this article, we will see the differences and similarities that are there between a slice that is declared as an empty and a nil slice.Slices in Golang are used to store a sequence of elements. Slices can be expanded at any time and they are declared in the same way as an array, but without their capacity defined.Nil SliceA nil slice is a slice in which while declaring, we simply define the name and the data type and not make use of the built-in make function.A nil slice is a slice that has nil as its zero value and ... Read More

In this article, we will learn what similarities and differences are there between functions and methods in Golang. We will start with each of them separately, and then we will see an example where both of them will be used.Let's start with functions and see what they are and how to use them in Golang.Functions in GolangFunctions in Golang are a block of code that take a few parameters as input and produce some output. If we pass in the same input to a function, it will produce the same output as always.Example 1In this example, we are creating a ... Read More

To check which column has the largest value for each row in an R matrix, we can use apply function.For Example, if we have a matrix called M then we can find column that has the largest value for each row by using the command given below −apply(M,1,which.max)Example 1Consider the matrix given below −M1

Decorator function pattern is a pattern that is mainly found in Python and JavaScript, but we can also use it in Golang.It is a pattern in which we can add our own functionality over a current function by wrapping it. Since functions in Golang are considered firstclass objects, which in turn means that we can pass them as arguments as we would in the case of a variable.Example 1Let's start with a very simple example to understand the basic case of passing a function as an argument to an already existing function.Consider the code shown below.package main import ( ... Read More

Golang provides us with different approaches that we can use to print custom errors. We will explore two such approaches in this article.The first approach requires us to make use of the error.New() function which will create a new error, and we can even pass a string of our choice inside it as an argument.Example 1Consider the code shown below.package main import (    "errors"    "fmt"    "math" ) func areaOfCircle(radius float64) (float64, error) {    if radius < 0 {       return 0, errors.New("Area calculation wrong, the radius is < zero")    }   ... Read More

To find the column index of least value for each row in an R matrix, we can use apply function.For Example, if we have a matrix called M then we can find column that has the least value for each row by using the command as follows −apply(M,1,which.min)Example 1Consider the matrix given below −M1

We can make use of channels if we want to synchronize goroutines. By synchronizing, we want to make the goroutines work in a defined manner, for example, not starting the next goroutine until the previous one has finished its execution.The channels help in achieving that, as they can be used to block the process and then can also be used to notify the second goroutine that the previous goroutine has finished its job.Example 1Let's consider a very basic example of channel synchronization where we will see how we can achieve it with the help of a buffered channel.Consider the code ... Read More

Response status codes are the numbers that we get in response that signify what type of response we received from the server when we asked for something from it.There are different status codes that one gets from the response, and these are mainly divided into five categories.Generally, the status codes are divided into these five classes.1xx (Informational)2xx (Successful)3xx (Redirection)4xx (Client Error)5xx (Server Error)In this article, we will try to get two or more of these status codes.Example 1Let's start with a basic HTTP request to the google.com URL. Once we do that, we will get the response from the server ... Read More

Consider a case where we want to get the content type of a file in Golang for whatever reasons. In order to do that, we must first know how to open the file and read some of its bytes into a buffer slice which we will then pass to a function that will help us in detecting the type of the file.The first step is to open the file whose type we want to check.Open the FileConsider that we have a file named sample.pdf whose contentType is what we want to know. In order to open the file, we need ... Read More