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R Programming Articles
Page 145 of 174
How to include a zero with tick in base R plot?
When we create a plot in base R the Y-axis values are generated automatically and mostly zero is now shown except in few cases that can’t be defined in particular but happens when there exists a zero in data. Therefore, if we want to include a zero with tick in base R plot then ylim argument can be used with the plot function.Exampleplot(5,ylim=c(0,5))OutputExampleplot(rnorm(100),ylim=c(-5,5))OutputExampleplot(rpois(10,2),ylim=c(0,10))Output
Read MoreHow to remove repeated column names in a data.table object in R?
In data analysis, we sometimes deal with duplicated data or just the representation of the data with same name. One such situation is column names are same for two columns in a data.table object. For this purpose, we can make use of which function with the combination of duplicated function and set the output of that duplicate to NULL to remove the repeated column names.Example1Loading data.table package and creating a data.table object −library(data.table) x1
Read MoreHow to change data.table object columns value to maximum in R?
Sometimes we need to compare the maximum values or set some column of a data frame or data.table object to their maximums, especially in research studies that may require biasedness. Therefore, we can set all the column values to maximum. In case of a data.table object, we can use single square bracket to access and assign the column values to their maximum as shown in the below examples.ExampleLoading data.table package and creating a data.table object −> library(data.table) > x1 x2 DT1 DT1Outputx1 x2 1: 3 4 2: 3 5 3: 5 6 4: 10 5 5: 8 2 6: 3 ...
Read MoreHow to use mtext function to create the X-axis labels in base R?
The mtext function can help us to create X-axis or Y-axis labels and we can put these labels to places desired by us with the help of at argument. For example, if we want to use capital letters starting from A to J that are 10 characters on the X-axis labels then it can be done by using the below command −mtext(text=LETTERS[1:10],outer=FALSE,side=1,las=1,at=1:10)Example> plot(1:10,xaxt="n")OutputExample> mtext(text=LETTERS[1:10],outer=FALSE,side=1,las=1,at=1:10)Output
Read MoreHow to add a straight line to a plot in R starting from bottom left and ending at top right?
The abline function can give us a straight line from intercept 0 with slope 1 in an existing plot. We would need to pass the coefficients inside the function as abline(coef = c(0,1)). Therefore, we can use this function to add a line starting from bottom left and ending at top right. This is also called diagonal line because it joins the end points on one side with the opposite of the other side.Example> plot(1:10,type="n") > abline(coef=c(0,1))Output:
Read MoreHow to display central limit theorem using uniform random variable in R?
The central limit theorem says that as the sample size increases the distribution of the sample means approaches normal distribution. Therefore, irrespective of the actual population distribution if we take samples of larger size and find the mean of these samples then the distribution of these sample means will be approximately normal. We can display this in R, by creating the histogram of such type of means.Example1> x y
Read MoreHow to create a plot in base R with mixed font of plot title such as default and italics?
We sometimes want to highlight the main title of a plot and one of the ways to do it is changing the font of the title to a unique or using a mixed font for the title. If we want to used mixed font then we need to use the appropriate font style for the title inside as shown in the below examples.Example1> plot(rpois(10,5),main=substitute(paste(italic("Point Chart"),": Poisson Distribution")))Output:Example2> plot(rpois(10,2),main=substitute(paste(bold("Point Chart"),": Poisson Distribution")))Output:
Read MoreHow to create bitmap display in R?
The X Window System is a windowing system for bitmap displays. In R, we can create this graphical display by simply typing x11 in the R console and the graphic interface will pop-up on the right-hand side. We can change the width and height of this display by using the arguments width and height inside x11 call. There are many other arguments of x11 that helps us to change the aesthetic property of the bitmap display. The description of those arguments is as written below:Displaythe display on which the graphics window will appear. The default is to use the value ...
Read MoreHow to create a boxplot in base R without any axes except Y?
The boxplot function in base R helps us to create the boxplot without any hustle but this plot is covered with a square bracket and also takes the Y-axis labels on left-hand side. We can get rid of this square bracket without making an impact on the Y-axis labels. For this purpose, we need to use frame.plot = FALSE argument inside the boxplot function.Example1> x boxplot(x,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:Example2> y boxplot(y,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:Example3> z boxplot(z,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:
Read MoreHow to extract variables of an S4 object in R?
Suppose we want to create an S4 with defined name data and two numerical columns called by x and y then we can use setClass("data", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")). Now, if we want to extract the variables of this S4 object then we would need to use @ sign instead of $ sign as in a data frame.Example1> setClass("data1", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")) > data1 data1OutputAn object of class "data1" Slot "x1": [1] -0.586187627 0.853689097 -0.602612795 -2.194235741 -1.318522292 [6] -0.984882420 0.273584140 0.364691611 1.025472248 1.198547297 [11] -0.709282551 -0.001441127 -0.201348012 1.296811172 1.520093861 [16] 2.071031215 0.472877022 0.616211695 0.642165615 -0.122773000 Slot "x2": [1] 0.38902289 0.20631450 0.02105516 0.24891420 ...
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