Introduction TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are two of most commonly used internet protocols. They are both responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer between devices connected to a network. However, way they do so differs significantly. In this article, we will discuss some examples of TCP and UDP in real life applications. TCP in Real Life TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that is commonly used when reliability is primary concern. It is responsible for establishing a reliable and ordered data transfer between two devices. Some examples of TCP in real life applications are as follows − ... Read More

Ethernet is a widely used local area networking technology that enables devices to communicate with each other. Ethernet frames are basic units of data that are transmitted over Ethernet network. In this article, we will explore Ethernet frame format in detail, including various fields that make up frame and purpose of each field. Introduction to Ethernet Frames An Ethernet frame is a packet of data that is transmitted over an Ethernet network. frame is composed of a header, a payload, and a trailer. header and trailer contain information about frame, such as source and destination addresses, while payload contains actual ... Read More

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for IP networks. It is used within a network or area. OSPF is an interior gateway protocol designed for a single autonomous system. OSPF uses a link-state routing algorithm. Each router has information about every link and router in the network. It finds the shortest path to each destination. OSPF learns about all routers and subnets in the network to build a link-state database (LSDB). Routers exchange link-state advertisements (LSAs) to share information about routers, subnets, and more. Basic Terms Link-state − Description of a link between two routers, including ... Read More

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical objects that can gather and share data over the internet. To enable communication between these devices, specific IoT protocols are utilized. Numerous IoT protocols exist, each with its own advantages and limitations. Selecting the most suitable protocol for your system depends on several factors, such as the device types employed, the volume of data to be collected, and the security needs of your application. By considering these factors, you can determine the optimal IoT protocol to support seamless and secure communication within your IoT ecosystem. In this ... Read More

USB and Ethernet are widely used data transfer technologies; however, they differ in their intended usage, data transfer speeds, and maximum cable lengths. Ethernet is capable of transmitting data over far longer distances than USB. Ethernet cables can be up to 100 metres long, although USB cables are normally limited to 5 metres (with some exceptions). Read this article to find out more about USB and Ethernet and how they are different from each other. What is USB? The USB communication protocol is a versatile and extensively used communication protocol that has become a standard for connecting electronic devices. ... Read More

The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) and the Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Protocol (PVST) are protocols used in Ethernet networks to prevent loops and provide network connection redundancy. RSTP is a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) evolution that is designed to provide faster convergence times in response to changes in network topology. PVST is a Cisco proprietary protocol that creates a separate spanning tree for each VLAN using STP. Read this article to find out more about RSTP and PVST and how they are different from each other. What is RSTP? Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an evolution of Spanning ... Read More

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol that is commonly used for managing and monitoring network devices such as routers, switches, servers, and other network infrastructure components. SNMP has changed over time, with the two major versions being SNMPv2 and SNMPv3. Read this article to find out more about SNMPv2 and SNMPv3 and how they are different from each other. What is SNMPv2? SNMPv2, also known as Simple Network Management Protocol version 2, is a network management protocol that allows network devices such as routers, switches, servers, and other networked equipment to share management information. SNMPv2 extends the ... Read More

Transmission Control Protocol comes under the fourth Layer of the Open System Interconnection model. The main purpose of TCP is to track the packets and these fields add extra information on the TCP header. The connection must be implemented before transferring the packets. Some of the errors that may arise while transferring packets are the packets may be lost, packets may replicate, and damaged. The Internet Protocol (IP) packet will follow a format called TCP segment which is composed of two parts namely the Header and data. In this article, the two fields of the TCP header namely MSS and ... Read More

Signaling system 7 is a protocol that comes under the network layer of the Open System Interconnection model. It helps the node of the network to track the transfers of messages. Message Transfer protocol is the basis and is divided into many layers according to its function. The first layer represents the setting up of the network, then the second layer take care of transmissions without any error and the third layer acts like a medium between two networks. MTP3B stands for Message Transfer Protocol broadband as it transfers multiple signals concurrently. What is MTP3? In the SS7 protocol, there ... Read More

When it comes to information connect conventions, HDLC (High-Level Information Connect Control) and PPP (Point-to-Point Convention) are two broadly recognized guidelines. Whereas both conventions encourage the exchange of information between arranged gadgets, they contrast in a few crucial angles. This article points to shed light on the difference between HDLC and PPP, investigating their definitions, standardization, surrounding strategies, tending to components, mistake-taking care of capabilities, transaction highlights, verification back, association sorts, overhead contemplations, and applications. What is HDLC? High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) could be a synchronous bit-oriented information interface layer convention utilized for transmitting data over point-to-point and multipoint ... Read More