Programming Articles - Page 3161 of 3363

The following are the unary operators in C# −+ - ! ~ ++ -- (type)* & sizeofLet us learn about the sizeof operator. The sizeof returns the size of a data type.Let’s say you need to find the size of int datatype −sizeof(int)For double datatype −sizeof(double)Let us see the complete example to find the size of various datatypes −Example Live Demousing System; namespace Demo {    class Program {       static void Main(string[] args) {          Console.WriteLine("The size of int is {0}", sizeof(int));          Console.WriteLine("The size of int is ... Read More

The mechanism of linking a function with an object during compile time is called early binding. It is also called static binding. C# provides two techniques to implement static polymorphism i.e Function overloading and Operator overloading.Let us learn about Function Overloading with an example −You can have multiple definitions for the same function name in the same scope. The definition of the function must differ from each other by the types and/or the number of arguments in the argument list. You cannot overload function declarations that differ only by return type.The following is the complete example −Example Live Demousing System; ... Read More

In Dynamic binding, the compiler will not do type checking at compile time. At runtime, the checking is done.Use it to avoid the restriction of anonymous types to one method. This is only because the type name is visible only to the compiler; therefore, you cannot declare it as the return value of a method.Let us see an example −public dynamic GetAnonymousType() {    return new {       StudentName = "Jack",       Subject = "Maths",    }; }Above, the method is set to be dynamic, that would mean the compiler won’t do type checking at compile time −public dynamic GetAnonymousType() {}

Under Composition, if the parent object is deleted, then the child object also loses its status. The composition is a special type of Aggregation and gives a part-of relationship.For example, A Car has an engine. If the car is destroyed, the engine is destroyed as well.public class Engine {    . . . } public class Car {    Engine eng = new Engine();    ....... }Aggregation is a directional relation between objects in C#. It is the relationship between objects.For example, Employee and AddressAn Employee is associated with a single Department, whereas a Department can have more than one employee. Let ... Read More

Structure In C#, a structure is a value type data type. It helps you to make a single variable hold related data of various data types. The struct keyword is used for creating a structure. To define a structure, you must use the struct statement. The struct statement defines a new data type, with more than one member for your program. Classes When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. A class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name, and the class body enclosed by a pair of curly braces. Structure ... Read More

When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type.Objects are instances of a class. The methods and variables that constitute a class are called members of the class.To access the class members, you use the dot (.) operator after the object name. The dot operator links the name of an object with the name of a member for example, Box Box1 = new Box();Above you can see Box1 is our object. We will use it to access the members −Box1.height = 7.0;You can also use it to call member functions −Box1.getVolume();The following is an example showing ... Read More

Runtime polymorphism has method overriding that is also known as dynamic binding or late binding. It is implemented by abstract classes and virtual functions.Abstract ClassesAbstract classes contain abstract methods, which are implemented by the derived class.Let us see an example of abstract classes that implements run time polymorphism −Example Live Demousing System; namespace PolymorphismApplication {    abstract class Shape {       public abstract int area();    }    class Rectangle: Shape {       private int length;       private int width;       public Rectangle( int a = 0, int b = 0) {     ... Read More

If no access modifier is specified, then the default is Internal. Internal access specifier allows a class to expose its member variables and member functions to other functions and objects in the current assembly. In other words, any member with internal access specifier can be accessed from any class or method defined within the application in which the member is defined.The following is an example showing the usage of Internal access specifier −Example Live Demousing System; namespace RectangleApplication {    class Rectangle {       //member variables       internal double length;       internal double width; ... Read More

Static functions can access only static variables. The static functions exist even before the object is created.Set static functions as −public static int getNum() {}The following is an example demonstrating the use of static functions −Example Live Demousing System; namespace Demo {    class StaticVar {       public static int num;       public void count() {          num++;       }       public static int getNum() {          return num;       }    }    class StaticTester {       static void Main(string[] args) {          StaticVar s = new StaticVar();          s.count();          s.count();          s.count();          Console.WriteLine("Variable num: {0}", StaticVar.getNum());          Console.ReadKey();       }    } }OutputVariable num: 3

We can define class members as static using the static keyword. When we declare a member of a class as static, it means no matter how many objects of the class are created, there is only one copy of the static member.The keyword static implies that only one instance of the member exists for a class. Static variables are used for defining constants because their values can be retrieved by invoking the class without creating an instance of it. Static variables can be initialized outside the member function or class definition. You can also initialize static variables inside the class ... Read More