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Network Articles
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Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Networks
Virtual-circuit and datagram networks are two fundamental approaches to packet switching in computer networks. In virtual circuits, a virtual path is established between the source and destination systems through which all data packets are transferred. In datagram networks, each data packet contains adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by intermediate network switching devices to the destination. Virtual-Circuit vs Datagram Network Approach Virtual-Circuit Network S D Fixed Path ...
Read MoreSink Tree in Computer Networks
A sink tree in a computer network is a tree structure that represents the optimal paths from all nodes to a specific destination node. It connects every node in the network to the destination using the shortest or lowest-cost path available. The sink tree is rooted at the destination node, with all other nodes serving as sources. The most common metric for determining the optimal path is the number of hops (intermediate nodes), though other cost metrics like bandwidth or delay can also be used. How Sink Trees Work Sink trees are based on the optimality principle, ...
Read MoreDirected Acyclic Graph (DAG)
In computer science and mathematics, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) refers to a directed graph which has no directed cycles. This fundamental data structure plays a crucial role in various computational applications where hierarchical relationships and dependencies must be maintained without circular references. How It Works In graph theory, a graph refers to a set of vertices which are connected by lines called edges. In a directed graph or digraph, each edge is associated with a direction from a start vertex to an end vertex. If we traverse along the direction of the edges and we find that ...
Read MoreExplain the services of the physical layer
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model, responsible for the actual transmission of raw bits over a physical communication channel. This layer handles the electrical, optical, and mechanical aspects of data transmission between network devices. The Physical Layer converts digital data (0s and 1s) into electrical signals, light pulses, or radio waves depending on the transmission medium used. It establishes, maintains, and terminates physical connections between communicating devices. Physical Layer Data Transmission Device A 1010110 ...
Read MoreWhat is the session layer?
The session layer is the fifth layer in the OSI model that manages sessions or dialogues between applications on different devices. It establishes, controls, and terminates connections between end systems, ensuring proper communication flow throughout the data exchange process. This layer acts as a crucial intermediary between the transport layer (Layer 4) and the presentation layer (Layer 6), handling session management while the transport layer focuses on reliable data delivery and the presentation layer handles data formatting. Session Layer in OSI Model Layer 6: Presentation Layer ...
Read MoreWhat is infrared transmission?
Infrared (IR) transmission is a wireless communication method that uses electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths from 1mm to 770 nm). IR transmission employs line-of-sight propagation, meaning the transmitter and receiver must have a clear, unobstructed path between them. A fundamental characteristic of infrared light is its inability to penetrate walls, which makes it naturally confined within rooms or enclosed spaces. This property provides inherent security benefits for indoor communications but limits its range to short-distance applications. Infrared Transmission Characteristics IR Device A ...
Read MoreWhat is Data Switching?
Data switching is the process of forwarding data from one network node to another within a computer network. When data needs to travel from a source device to a destination device across multiple network segments, switching enables this communication by establishing temporary or permanent paths between the communicating devices. A switch is a network device that operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Unlike hubs that simply repeat data to all connected devices, switches intelligently forward data only to the intended recipient, creating dedicated communication paths and reducing network congestion. How Data Switching ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between Circuit Switching, Message Switching, and Packet Switching
Circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching are three fundamental approaches used in telecommunications networks to establish communication paths and transfer data between devices. Each method has distinct characteristics regarding how connections are established, data is transmitted, and network resources are utilized. Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a dedicated physical path is established between the sender and receiver before any data transmission begins. This dedicated route remains active throughout the entire communication session and is released only after the connection is terminated. The traditional telephone network (PSTN) is the most common example of circuit switching. When you ...
Read MoreWhy do we need Computer Networks?
In today's technology-oriented world, sharing has become an integral part of businesses and other activities. This sharing can be achieved through computer networking. A computer network is a system that links two or more computers to share files, resources, and communication channels. Computer networks have revolutionized how we work, communicate, and access information. Let's explore the key reasons why computer networks are essential in modern computing environments. Benefits of Computer Networks File Sharing Resource Sharing ...
Read MoreWhat are the goals of Computer Network?
The main goals of computer networks are to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance communication capabilities across organizations and individuals. These fundamental objectives drive the design and implementation of modern network infrastructure. Key Goals of Computer Networks Resource Sharing Cost Savings High Reliability Enhanced Performance Communication Medium ...
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