In spite of various benefits of using views there are following limitations on using MySQL views − Can’t create an index of views − In MySQL, we cannot create an index on views. It is because indexes are not utilized when we query data against the views. MySQL invalidates the view − Suppose, if we drop or rename tables to which a view references, rather than issuing an error MySQL invalidate the view. We can use the CHECK TABLE statement to check whether the view is valid or not. MySQL views cannot be updateable in some situations − Actually, the simple view can ... Read More

As we know that views are definitions built on the top of other tables or views and stored in the database. Followings are benefits of using MySQL views as compared to selecting data directly from MySQL base tablesSimplify data accessThe use of views simplifies the data access because of the following reasons −A view can be used to perform a calculation and display its result. For example, a view definition that invokes aggregate functions can be used to display a summary.With the help of views, we can select a restricted set of rows by means of an appropriate WHERE clause ... Read More

A database view is nothing more than an SQL statement that is stored in the database with an associated name. A view is actually a composition of a table in the form of a predefined SQL query.A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A MySQL view can be created from one or many tables which depend on the written MySQL query to create a view.Views, which are a type of virtual tables allow users to do the following −Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or ... Read More

As we know that MySQL supports foreign key for referential integrity but it does not support CHECK constraint. But we can emulate them by using triggers. It can be illustrated with the help of an example given below −ExampleSuppose we have a table named ‘car’ which can have the fix syntax registration number like two letters, a dash, three digits, a dash, two letters as follows −mysql> Create table car (number char(9)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)Creating BEFORE UPDATE trigger to emulate CHECK CONSTRAINT for updating the values −Now, suppose if we will try to update the table ... Read More

Suppose if an error occurs during trigger execution then MySQL can handle it as follows −If a BEFORE trigger fails, the operation on the corresponding row is not performed.A BEFORE trigger is activated by the attempt to insert or modify the row, regardless of whether the attempt subsequently succeeds.An AFTER trigger is executed only if any BEFORE triggers and the row operation execute successfully.An error during either a BEFORE or AFTER trigger results in failure of the entire statement that caused trigger invocation.For transactional tables, failure of a statement should cause a rollback of all changes performed by the statement. ... Read More

As we know that MySQL supports foreign key for referential integrity but it does not support CHECK constraint. But we can emulate them by using triggers. It can be illustrated with the help of an example given below −ExampleSuppose we have a table named ‘car’ which can have the fix syntax registration number like two letters, a dash, three digits, a dash, two letters as follows −mysql> Create table car (number char(9)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec) mysql> Insert into car values('AB-235-YZ'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)The above value is a valid one but what ... Read More

Actually, MySQL SIGNAL statement is an error handling mechanism for handling unexpected occurrences and a graceful exit from the application if need to be. Basically, it provides error information to the handler. Its basic syntax would be as follows −SIGNAL SQLSTATE | condition_value [SET signal_information_item = value_1, [, signal_information_item] = value_2, etc;]Here, the SIGNAL keyword is an SQLSTATE value or a condition name declared by a DECLARE CONDITION statement. The SIGNAL statement must always specify an SQLSTATE value or a named condition that defined with an SQLSTATE value. The SQLSTATE value for a The SIGNAL statement consists of a five-character ... Read More

We can change the name of a particular existing column from a MySQL table by using CHANGE statement along with ALTER statement. Its syntax would be as follows −SyntaxALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_column_name new_column_name datatype;Here,  table_name is the name of the table from which we want to delete the column.Old_column_name is the name of the column which is to be changed.new_column_name is the name of the column which has to be given to the old column.ExampleIn this example, we are changing the name of the column ‘id’ to ‘studentid’ from table ‘student_info’ as follows −mysql> Select * from Student_info; +------+---------+------------+------------+ | id   | ... Read More

We can delete a particular existing column from a MySQL table by using the DROP statement along with an ALTER statement. Its syntax would be as follows −SyntaxALTER TABLE table_name DROP column_name;Here,  table_name is the name of the table from which we want to delete the column.Column_name is the name of the column which is to be deleted from the table.ExampleIn this example, we are deleting the column ‘address’ from table ‘student_detail’ as follows −mysql> select * from student_detail; +-----------+-------------+----------+ | Studentid | StudentName | address  | +-----------+-------------+----------+ |       100 | Gaurav      | Delhi   ... Read More

Since we cannot use the MINUS query in MySQL, we will use JOIN to simulate the MINUS query. It can be understood with the help of the following example −ExampleIn this example, we are two tables namely Student_detail and Student_info having the following data −mysql> Select * from Student_detail; +-----------+---------+------------+------------+ | studentid | Name    | Address    | Subject    | +-----------+---------+------------+------------+ |       101 | YashPal | Amritsar   | History    | |       105 | Gaurav  | Chandigarh | Literature | |       130 | Ram     | Jhansi ... Read More