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The network topology is a structure or the physical arrangement of the network devices, how the components of the network are interconnected with each other.Types of network topology are as followsBusStarRingMeshHybridLogical TopologyIt tells about a network that should be configured for the transfer of information. This is different from physical topology as it does not explain the physical wiring of a network, but instead, it describes the flow of data, information, and back, from one system to another and the routes it takes.Some examples of Logical topology are as follows −Logical Star Topology − Uses logical bus topology to transfer ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) before learning the differences between them.Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)It is the enhanced version of IGRP protocol. It consists of all the features which IGRP does and also supports some ad-on's.To overcome the drawbacks of IGRP i.e like slow rate of convergence, hop limitation, no support to VLSM etc and IGRP is the successor of RIP which removes the hurdles caused by RIP routing technique.We all know that IGRP works or supports many protocols other than IP unlike RIP. The same fashion ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) before learning the differences between them.Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)At the physical layer, the function of DTE is to look for clocking from the device on the other end of the cable on a link and look for a frame-switching service.The device receives clocking. The customer devices or the DTE pass data from a host computer on a customer network for transmission over the Wide Area Network (WAN).Also, its function is to convert user information into signals or reconvert received signals. DTE doesn't communicate information but ... Read More

The Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol (PPTP) is a collection of communication protocols that control the safe implementation of virtual private networks (VPN), which enable businesses to extend their own private networks across the public Internet via "tunnels."A big corporation with offices worldwide can use PPTP to construct a large local area network (LAN) – basically a VPN - by using the architecture of a Wide Area Network (WAN), such as the network of a public Internet Service Provider (ISP) or telco. This is less expensive than setting out network infrastructure across such long distances.Through the construction of a VPN across TCP/IP-based ... Read More

Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) associates in the nursing element of an IBM Systems spec (SNA). It involves protocols within which a group of computers don't seem to be dominated by a central server or the other piece of hardware rather these protocols enable computers to speak among themselves.Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) is the moment generation of Systems spec (SNA). It had been created by IBM to satisfy these prerequisites −To supply a compelling directional convention to allow SNA activity to stream natively and at the same time with different protocols.To permit sessions to be designed up between the conclusions purchasers ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding the concept of Direct-attached storage (DAS).Direct-attached storage (DAS)DAS is called Direct-attached storage (DAS) which is a computer storage that is connected to one computer and not accessible to other computers. For an individual computer user, the hard drive is the usual form of direct-attached storage.For example − hard drives, solid-state drives, optical disc drives, and storage on external drives.The main components of DAS are as follows −Main HubDistribution MediumRemote EquipmentAntennasThe advantage of DAS is that DAS cannot use the switches or any server or network connection it directly connects with the motherboard.The disadvantage of DAS ... Read More

A VLAN is called a subnetwork that can group together devices on separate physical local area networks. A LAN is a group of computers or devices that share a communications line/wireless link to a server within the same geographical area.VLANs provide security on larger networks by allowing a higher degree of control over which devices have access to each other. They are flexible because VALNs are based on logical connections, rather than physical.Working of VLANWhen a switch receives an Ethernet frame, the frame will either already have a VLAN tag or switch will insert a VLAN tag into the Ethernet ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Hub and Router before learning the differences between them.HubHubs work at the Physical layer and are used to link all the devices connected to it to form a single network. It is a common connection point All the devices connected to the hub can see the packets sent out by the hub.AdvantagesThe advantages of Hub are as follows −Hub is less expensive when compared to switches and routers.A Hub is used to internally connect between systems in a network.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of Hub are as follows −A hub cannot accommodate more devices which make it ... Read More

Memo is also called a memorandum which is a concise and informal communication within an organization to inform about policies, procedures, or any other official message.Letter is a form of written communication addressed outside the organization. It contains a long formal message to inform someone of a specific topic. The tone of the letter depends on the relationship between sender and recipient.Email is another form of routine electronic communication within an organization or outside the organization. It requires an email account and internet connection.DifferencesThe major differences between Memo, letters, and Emails are as follows −MemoLetterEmailShort and PreciseLong and informativeInformal and ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Client Operating System (OS) and Server OS before learning the differences between them.Client Operating System (OS)Client operating system is a system which works within computer desktops and other portable devices such as laptops and smartphones. Operating systems that are installed on the client’s computer device like PC, Laptop are called client OS.This operating system helps computers to run.Client OS manages different hardware components that are connected to printers, monitors and cameras.It supports a single user at a time.It is also capable of obtaining services from a server operating system.When compared to a server operating ... Read More