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Computers Articles
Page 80 of 100
Top 6 Ways to Diffuse Computer Education in Villages
Despite a lot of efforts, India has been almost a failure in getting inclusive benefits for its citizens. Along with the north south digital divide in India a completely new and unfortunate urban rural divide can be easily observed. Various measures have been adopted to overcome the situations but everything is more or less the same.The easiest way to fill the gap between rural urban facilities is to make these services available at all locations but still a few problems remains which are attributes to cultural and structural attributes. Here is a brief list of solution which may be employed ...
Read MoreThe Importance of Computer Education in Rural Areas
The complete picture of the rural areas can be revolutionized if we can manage sufficient amount of computer services penetration there. It is anyway a very major form of discrimination against the lesser privileged in rural areas as they have lesser functional knowledge of computer and more and more services are computer based today.Therefore it is very important that every male and women, married or unmarried is provided with sufficient opportunities to learn computer operations and take complete advantage of the situation.Indian ScenarioIt is also very important for a country having demographic denominations like India as still today a major ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between Fastag, Bar Code, QR Code and NFC.
Let us understand the concepts of Fastag, Bar code, QR code and Near Field Communication (NFC).FastagFASTag is an electronic scanner system used for toll collection in India, which is operated by the National Highway Authority of India. It is based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. FASTag is fixed on the windscreen of vehicles. FASTags does not have any expiry date. They can be recharged at any time.Working of FASTag systemVehicles with FASTag enabled do not have to stop at toll gates where charges are deducted from the prepaid or bank account when the vehicle is moving. The drivers do ...
Read MoreDesign a TM for an equal number of a's and b's must follow a
The Turing machine (TM) is more powerful than both finite automata (FA) and pushdown automata (PDA). They are as powerful as any computer we have ever built.Formal Definition of Turing MachineA Turing machine can be formally described as seven tuples(Q, X, Σ, δ, q0, B, F)Where, Q is a finite set of statesX is the tape alphabetΣ is the input alphabetδ is a transition function: 𝛿:QxX→QxXx{left shift, right shift}q0 is the initial stateB is the blank symbolF is the final state.A Turing Machine (TM) is a mathematical model which consists of an infinite length tape divided into cells on which ...
Read MoreHow to generate regular expression from finite automata?
There are two methods for converting deterministic finite automata (DFA) to Regular expression (RE). These are as follows −Arden’s MethodState Elimination MethodLet us understand these methods in detail.Arden’s TheoremLet P and Q be the two regular expressions.If P does not contain null string, then following equation in R, viz R = Q + RP,Which has a unique solution by R = QP*Here,The finite Automata do not have epsilon movesIt must have only initial state q1It’s states are q1, q2, q3,…….qn. The final state may be some qi where i
Read MoreProve that Linear bounded automata LBA ⊂ PSPACE in TOC?
Linear Bounded Automaton (LBA) is a restricted form of Turing Machine in which input tape is finite.ExampleProve that LBA ⊂ PSPACEPSPACE is a superset of the set of context-sensitive languages.Now to prove LBA=PSPACE, We use theorem of Space compression with tape reduction which states that, For every k-tape S(n) space-bounded off-line Turing Machine M and constant c>0, there exists a one-tape cS(n) space-bounded off-line turing machine N such that L(M)=L(N).Following identity holds for −DSPACE(S(n))=DSPACE(O(S(n)))and NSPACE(S(n))=NSPACE(O(S(n)))Since LBA is one-tape n space-bounded Turing Machine it follows −LBA=NSPACE(n)---------------------(1)Now by Savitch theorem, if S is fully space constructible and S(n)>log(n) thenNSPACE(S(n)) ⊆DSPACE(S^{2}(n)) -------------(2)Final proofLBA=NSPACE(n)............by(1)⊆DSPACE(n^{2})............by(2)⊂DSPACE(n^{3})............by ...
Read MoreConstruct a PDA that accepts (a,b)* language but not contain bbbb?
Push down Automata (PDA) is complement of the PDA that contain Substring bbbStepsMake the PDA for accepting those strings that have conation bbb.Complement it by making non-accepting as accepting and vice versa.Construct PDAYou can construct the PDA as shown below for the (a, b)* languageThe nature of transition format is Input, Top of stack, PUSH/POPExamplea ,a , aa means on i/p a and top of stack is a then push aAt q0 i, e initial if a or b anything came move state to q1Till q1 we get 1 b to make substring b_ _ so now on q1 if ...
Read MoreConstruct a TM that accepts even-length palindromes over the alphabet {0,1}?
A Turing machine (TM) is a 7-tuple (Q, ∑, Γ, δ, q0, qaccept , qreject).Where, Q is a finite set of states.∑ is the input alphabet that does not contain the blank symbol t.Γ is the tape alphabet, where t ∈ Γ and ∑ ⊆ Γ.δ: (Q × Γ) → (Q × Γ × {L, R}) is the transition function.q0 ∈ Q is the start state.qaccept ∈ Q is the accept state.qreject ∈ Q is the reject state, where qreject ≠ qaccept.For accepting even-length palindrome over the alphabet {0, 1}, follow the steps given below −Match the first and last ...
Read MoreConstruct a TM for a binary number as an input and replace the last digit with its Boolean complement?
ProblemDesign a TM (Turing Machine) that takes a binary number as an input and replaces the last digit of the string with its Boolean complement.SolutionA Turing machine is a 7-tuple (Q, ∑, Γ, δ, q0, qaccept , qreject)Where, Q is a finite set of states.∑ is the input alphabet that does not contain the blank symbol t.Γ is the tape alphabet, where t ∈ Γ and ∑ ⊆ Γ.δ − (Q × Γ) → (Q × Γ × {L, R}) is the transition function.q0 ∈ Q is the start state.qaccept ∈ Q is the accept state.qreject ∈ Q is the ...
Read MoreProve that CFL is closed under union and star but not under intersection?
CFL refers to Context Free Language in the theory of computation (TOC). Let us now understand how CFL is closed under Union.CFL is closed under UNIONIf L1 and L2 are CFL’s then L1 U L2 is also CFL.Let L1 and L2 are generated by the Context Free Grammar (CFG).G1=(V1, T1, P1, S1) and G2=(V2, T2, P2, S2) without loss of generality subscript each non terminal of G1 and a1 and each non terminal of G2 with a2 (so that V1∩V2=φ).Subsequent steps are used production entirely from G1 or from G2.Each word generated thus is either a word in L1 or ...
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