An array is a collection where we can store multiple items of the same type. We can consider an array of integers or an array of strings. This is very useful, for example, whenever we need to store the name of 1000 students in a single variable.Example – Using arrayOf()In this example, we will see how we can create an empty array in Kotlin. We will be creating an empty array of Strings and manipulate the same in the program.fun main(args: Array) {    // Declareting empty array of type String    val emptyStringArray = arrayOf()    println("Example of empty ... Read More

In this article, we will take an example and demonstrate how we can obtain the class reference in Kotlin. Kotlin does not support fetching the class reference directly, but you can obtain the same reference via extension itself. In the following example, we will see how we can do it via Kotlin library functions.Example – Class reference using KClassIn this example, we will get the reference of the class.import kotlin.reflect.KClass fun main(args : Array) {    // to get the reference of the class    fun T.getClass(): KClass {       return javaClass.kotlin    }    val ... Read More

In this article, we will take an example to demonstrate how we can extend and implement in the same class. In this example, We will be creating an interface and a dummy Parent class.From the Child class, we will extend the Parent class and implement the interface.Example – Extending and implementing in childinterface myInterface {    fun test(): String } open class myParentClass(val name:String) {    fun anotherTest():String {       return name    } } class Child() : myInterface, myParentClass("ParentClass Input"){    //child extending the parent class and implementing myInterface    override fun test(): String { ... Read More

Result is a Serializable class in Kotlin. The function definition looks like this −class Result : SerializableThis class has two properties − "isFailure" and "isSuccess".As per the documentation, Result cannot be used as a direct return type of Kotlin function. However, in this article, we will see how we can use this Result in our Kotlin programs.// ERROR: 'kotlin.Result' cannot be used as a return type fun findUserByName(name: String): Result fun foo(): Result      // ERROR fun foo(): Result?          // ERROR var foo: Result             // ERRORExample – Kotlin.Resultsealed class ... Read More

In this article, we will take an example and demonstrate the difference between (!!) and (?) in Kotlin.Example – "!!" and "?" operator in KotlinKotlin provides a wonderful operator to check NULL pointer exceptions. It throws a NULL pointer exception instead of breaking the programming logic whenever the variable is NULL.In the following example, the value of "test" is NULL. Hence, Kotlin will throw a NULL pointer exception instead of breaking down the logic. The example shows the different uses of "!!" and "?" operators.fun main(args: Array) {    val nullValue: String ?=null    // it will print null ... Read More

Exception is an important aspect of any programming language. It prevents our code from generating incorrect output at runtime. There are two types of exceptions −Checked exceptionsUnchecked exceptionsChecked ExceptionsChecked exceptions are those which are checked at the compile time. As per example, FileNotFoundException() or IOException. In the following example, we will see how we can generate a checked Exception.Exampleimport java.io.File import java.io.InputStream fun main(args: Array) {    try {       val inputStream: InputStream = File("Hello.txt").inputStream()    } catch(e:Exception) {       e.printStackTrace();    } }OutputOnce you execute this code, it will generate the following output in ... Read More

Data class is a collection in Kotlin to store data. Logically this is same as creating a Java POJO class. In Java, we do create extra member functions to set and get the data in the member variables. In Kotlin, we don’t need to create separate methods to access the member variables of the class. Kotlin provides it by default. We can access the variables by just using the member variable names in it.It is not recommended to override any of the data class members like we used to do in Java.It is always recommended to use normal class if ... Read More

In any programming paradigm, it is mandatory to check "null safety" in order to prevent runtime errors. In this article, we will see different ways to check "null safety" in Kotlin. Example - Using if…else In most of the programming languages, we have the "if" keyword to check conditions. In Kotlin too, we can use the "if-else" clause to check the null safety of a variable. fun main() { val name="TutorialsPoint.com" //null check if (name != null) { println(name) ... Read More

Kotlin supports delegation of design pattern by introducing a new keyword "by". Using this keyword or delegation methodology, Kotlin allows the derived class to access all the implemented public methods of an interface through a specific object.ExampleIn this example, we will implement an abstract method of a Base class from another class.interface Base {    //abstract method    fun printMe() } class BaseImpl(val x: Int) : Base {    // implementation of the method    override fun printMe() { println(x) } } // delegating the public method on the object b class Derived(b: Base) : Base by b ... Read More

"Out" keyword is extensively used in Kotlin generics. Its signature looks like this −ListWhen a type parameter T of a class C is declared out, then C can safely be a super type of C. That means, a Number type List can contain double, integer type list.ExampleThe following example demonstrates how you can use the "out" keyword in Kotlin −fun main(args: Array) {    var objet1 = genericsExample(10)    var objet2 = genericsExample(10.0) } // As generic type is declared as "out", // we can pass Int and Double also. class genericsExample(input:Any?) {    init {       ... Read More