In JavaScript, an object can be "flattened" by creating a shallow copy of it. This is useful for creating a snapshot of an object, but can cause problems if the object is later modified. If you need to unflatten an object, you can use the paths for keys to restore the original structure. Using Paths for Keys When an object is flattened, the keys are concatenated into a single string. You can use this string to unflatten the object by creating an object with the same keys and values. For example, consider the following object.var obj = { ... Read More

In JavaScript, an object can be created by using curly braces {}. This is called an object literal. An object literal can contain properties and methods. What is Flattening? Flattening is the process of reducing an object to a single−depth object. In other words, all the properties and methods of the object are contained within a single−depth object. How to Flatten an Object? There are various ways to flatten an object. Using for...in loop The for...in loop can be used to iterate over the properties of an object. For each property, we can add it to a new object. Below ... Read More

Frame by frame animation is a technique used in animation to produce motion by displaying a series of static images which are sequentially displayed. The appearance of motion is achieved by displaying the images in rapid succession. The followings are needed before we go to create the frame by frame animation− A series of images (frames) A web page with CSS and JavaScript Approach The process of creating frame by frame animation using CSS and JavaScript is relatively simple. STEP 1 – First, you need to create a series of images (frames) that you want to be displayed ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will learn how to create Expanding Cards using HTML, CSS and JavaScript. We will also learn how to use some additional CSS properties to make our expanding cards more attractive. What are Expanding Cards? Expanding cards are a type of card that can be expanded to reveal more content. They are commonly used to display additional How to create Expanding Cards using HTML, CSS and JavaScript? To create expanding cards, we will need to use the following HTML elements− The card container element: This will be the element that will contain all of our cards. ... Read More

In JavaScript, we can create functions that take other functions as arguments and invoke them with transformed arguments. This is a powerful technique that can be used to create higher−order functions, which can take a function and return a new function with different behavior. What are Transforming Function Arguments To transform function arguments, we can use the built−in methods map() and reduce(). These methods can be used on arrays to transform the elements in the array. We can use them on functions to transform the arguments that are passed to the function. The map() Method The map() method takes a ... Read More

JavaScript functions can be invoked with or without arguments. When invoked with arguments, the function is executed with the arguments passed in as values. When invoked without arguments, the function is executed with no arguments passed in. In some cases, it is desirable to invoke a function with some arguments, but not all of them. This can be accomplished by using the Function.prototype.apply method, or by using the spread operator ( ... ). Using the Function.prototype.apply Method The Function.prototype.apply method can be used to invoke a function with some arguments, but not all of them. The first argument to the ... Read More

In JavaScript, a function can be invoked by passing arguments to it. However, sometimes it is necessary to invoke a function with some arguments already filled in. This can be done using a technique called partial function application. What is Partial Function Application? Partial function application is a way to create a new function by "pre− filling" some of the arguments to an existing function. This is useful when you want to create a new function that is similar to an existing function, but with some arguments already set. For example, say you have a function that calculates the area ... Read More

When working with JavaScript, you may find yourself needing to call a promise inside another promise. While this may seem like a daunting task, it is actually quite simple once you understand the basics of promises. In this article, we will discuss how to call a promise inside another promise in JavaScript. The Basics of Promises In order to understand how to call a promise inside another promise, it is important first to understand the basics of promises. A promise is an object that represents the eventual result of an asynchronous operation. Promises are used in JavaScript to handle asynchronous ... Read More

To create a calculator using HTML, CSS, and Javascript, we need to have basic understanding of working of HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Calculator is a simple tool which performs basic arithmetic calculations like Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division. In this article, we are going to discuss how to create a Calculator using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Usually, if we observe any real-time calculator we know that it has: A grid of numbers (0-9 and 00). Basic arithmetic operators (+, -, /, x, %). Some symbols for ... Read More

There are a number of benefits to knowing JavaScript, often known as rich interface − By merging dynamic HTML elements, including HTML and JavaScript, rich user interfaces can be developed. However, because there are no interactions on the server side, the scope of such an interface is restricted to client-side activity and has very minor functional impacts. The strength of AJAX lies in its capacity to deliver even richer interfaces by enhancing their dynamic user interfaces with strong functionality through smooth server-side invocation power. Instead of requiring a full screen refresh, AJAX enables individual user interface elements to share data ... Read More