To create a lagged column in an R data frame, we can use transform function.For example, if we have a data frame called that contains a column say C and we want to create a lagged column in df based on C then we can use the command given below −transform(df,Lag_C=c(C[-1],NA))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x

To add all columns by row, we can use rowSums function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains five columns say x, y, z, a, and b and we want to add all these columns by row then we can use the below mentioned command −df$Total_sum

To convert the data type of all columns from integer to factor, we can use lapply function with factor function.For example, if we have a data frame called df which has all integer columns then we can use the below given command to convert all columns data type to factor −df

To take a random sample from a matrix in R, we can simply use sample function and if the sample size is larger than the number of elements in the matrix replace=TRUE argument will be used.For example, if we have a matrix called M that contains 100 elements and we want to sample 200 elements from M then we can use the below given command −sample(M,200,replace=TRUE)Example 1Following snippet creates a matrix −M1

To subset R data frame rows and keep the rows with NA in the output, we can use subset function along with OR condition with | sign for na values.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say C which has some NA values then we can subset df for values greater than 5 and include NA in the output by using the below given command −subset(df,C>5|is.na(C))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To change the axis color in base R plot, we can use axis function after creating the plot.For example if we want to change the color of X-axis to blue then we can use the command given below −axis(1, col="blue")If we want to change the color of Y-axis to red then, we can use the command given below −axis(2, col="blue") Check out the below example to understand how it works.ExampleTo change the axis color in base R plot, use the code given below −plot(5)OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To change the axis color ... Read More

To change the axis ticks color in base R plot, we can use axis function after creating the plot. For example if we want to change the color of X-axis to red then we can use the command given below −axis(1, col.ticks="red")If we want to change the color of Y-axis to red then we can use the command given below −axis(2, col.ticks="red") Check out the below given example to understand how it works.ExampleTo change the axis ticks color in base R plot, use the code given below −plot(1:10)OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To ... Read More

To remove at the rate sign @ at last position from every value in R data frame column, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame with a column having at the rate sign @ at last position in every value.Then, use gsub function to remove the at the rate sign @ at last position from every value in the column.ExampleCreate the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Names

To create a column of raise to the power of another column in data frames stored in R list, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a list of data frames.Then, use lapply function to create a column of raise to the power of another column in data frames stored in the list.ExampleCreate the list of data framesUsing data.frame function to create data frames and list function to create the list of those data frames −df1

To find the row median of columns having same name in R matrix, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a matrix with some columns having same name.Then, use tapply along with colnames and median function to find the row median of columns having same name.ExampleCreate the matrixLet’s create a matrix as shown below −M