When we use apply function on numerical as well as character column then the output of the function returns NA for all hence to deal with this problem, we can use lapply function. The lapply function will take each column into account independently, therefore, the arithmetic operations will be performed individually.Check out the below given examples to understand how it works.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

If we have a data frame that contains some lower case and some upper-case string values then we might want to subset the data frame based on lower case or upper-case letters.For this purpose, we can make use of apply and sapply function as shown in the below examples.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To check for equality of three columns by row, we can use logical comparison of equality with double equal sign (==) and & operator.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say C1, C2, and C3 and we want to check for equality of these three columns then we can use below given command −df$All_equal

To create a lagged column in an R data frame, we can use transform function.For example, if we have a data frame called that contains a column say C and we want to create a lagged column in df based on C then we can use the command given below −transform(df,Lag_C=c(C[-1],NA))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x

To add all columns by row, we can use rowSums function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains five columns say x, y, z, a, and b and we want to add all these columns by row then we can use the below mentioned command −df$Total_sum

To convert the data type of all columns from integer to factor, we can use lapply function with factor function.For example, if we have a data frame called df which has all integer columns then we can use the below given command to convert all columns data type to factor −df

To take a random sample from a matrix in R, we can simply use sample function and if the sample size is larger than the number of elements in the matrix replace=TRUE argument will be used.For example, if we have a matrix called M that contains 100 elements and we want to sample 200 elements from M then we can use the below given command −sample(M,200,replace=TRUE)Example 1Following snippet creates a matrix −M1

To subset R data frame rows and keep the rows with NA in the output, we can use subset function along with OR condition with | sign for na values.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say C which has some NA values then we can subset df for values greater than 5 and include NA in the output by using the below given command −subset(df,C>5|is.na(C))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To change the axis color in base R plot, we can use axis function after creating the plot.For example if we want to change the color of X-axis to blue then we can use the command given below −axis(1, col="blue")If we want to change the color of Y-axis to red then, we can use the command given below −axis(2, col="blue") Check out the below example to understand how it works.ExampleTo change the axis color in base R plot, use the code given below −plot(5)OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To change the axis color ... Read More

To change the axis ticks color in base R plot, we can use axis function after creating the plot. For example if we want to change the color of X-axis to red then we can use the command given below −axis(1, col.ticks="red")If we want to change the color of Y-axis to red then we can use the command given below −axis(2, col.ticks="red") Check out the below given example to understand how it works.ExampleTo change the axis ticks color in base R plot, use the code given below −plot(1:10)OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To ... Read More