The hasattr() method in PythonThe hasattr() method returns true if an object has the given named attribute and false if it does not.SyntaxThe syntax of hasattr() method is −hasattr(object, name)The hasattr() is called by getattr() to check to see if AttributeError is to be raised or not.The hasattr() method takes two parameters −The hasattr() method returns −True, if object has the given named attributeFalse, if object has no given named attributeExampleclass Male:     age = 21     name = 'x' x = Male() print('Male has age?:', hasattr(x, 'age')) print('Male has salary?:', hasattr(x, 'salary'))OutputThis gives the output('Male has age?:', ... Read More

Python getattr()The getattr() method returns the value of the named attribute of an object. If not found, it returns the default value provided to the function.SyntaxThe syntax of getattr() method is −getattr(object, name[, default])The getattr() method can take multiple parameters −The getattr() method returns −value of the named attribute of the given objectdefault, if no named attribute is foundAttributeError exception, if named attribute is not found and default is not definedExampleclass Male:     age = 21     name = "Abel" x = Male() print('The age is:', getattr(x, "age")) print('The age is:', x.age)OutputThis gives the output('The age is:', 21) ... Read More

Class variables vs Instance VariablesAll variables outside the class __init__ function in Python are class variables while those inside the same are instance variables. The difference between the class variables and instance variables is understood better by examining the code belowExampleclass MyClass:     stat_elem = 456     def __init__(self):         self.object_elem = 789 c1 = MyClass() c2 = MyClass() # Initial values of both elements >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 456 789 >>> print c2.stat_elem, c2.object_elem 456 789 # Let's try changing the static element MyClass.static_elem = 888 >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 888 789 >>> print ... Read More

Class variables are variables that are declared outside the__init__method. These are static elements, meaning, they belong to the class rather than to the class instances. These class variables are shared by all instances of that class. Example code for class variables Exampleclass MyClass:   __item1 = 123   __item2 = "abc"   def __init__(self):     #pass or something elseYou'll understand more clearly with more code −class MyClass:     stat_elem = 456     def __init__(self):         self.object_elem = 789 c1 = MyClass() c2 = MyClass() # Initial values of both elements >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 456 ... Read More

In this article, we will show you how to declare an attribute in python without a value. In Python, as well as in several other languages, there is a value that means "no value". In Python, that value with no value is None, let us see how it is used. You simply cannot. Variables are just names in Python. A name always refers to an object ("is bound"). It is conventional to set names that do not yet have a meaningful value but should be present to None. Method 1: By Initializing them with None Directly We can directly assign ... Read More

Attributes of a classEverything, almost everything in Python is an object. Every object has attributes and methods. Thus attributes are very fundamental in Python. A class is a construct which is a collection of similar objects. A class also has attributes. There will be a difference between the class attributes and instance attributes. The class attributes are shared by the instances of the class but it not true vice versa.ExampleWe can get a list of the attributes of an object using the built-in “dir” function. For example −>>> s = 'abc' >>> len(dir(s)) 71 >>> dir(s)[:5] ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ... Read More

selfThe word 'self' is used to represent the instance of a class. By using the "self" keyword we access the attributes and methods of the class in python.__init__ method"__init__" is a reseved method in python classes. It is called as a constructor in object oriented terminology. This method is called when an object is created from a class and it allows the class to initialize the attributes of the class.ExampleFind out the cost of a rectangular field with breadth(b=120), length(l=160). It costs x (2000) rupees per 1 square unitclass Rectangle:    def __init__(self, length, breadth, unit_cost=0):        self.length ... Read More

The instantiation or calling-a-class-object operation creates an empty object. Many classes like to create objects with instances with a specific initial state. Therefore a class may define a special method named __init__(), as follows −def __init__(self) −    self.data = [ ]When a class defines an __init__() method, class instantiation automatically invokes the newly-created class instance which is obtained by −x = MyClass()The __init__() method may have arguments. In such a case, arguments given to the class instantiation operator are passed on to __init__(). For example, >>> class Complex: ...     def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart): ...       ... Read More

In Python, classes are like blueprints for creating objects. Once you define a class, you can create objects (also called instances) based on that class. Here are four ways to create class objects in Python: Creating a Class and an Instance Example In this example, we define a class called `MyClass` using the `class` keyword. We then create an instance of the class called `obj` using parentheses `()` after the class name. This creates an empty object that is an instance of the class. class MyClass: pass obj = MyClass() print(obj) Output ... Read More

In this article, we will show how to sort a list of dictionaries by the values of the dictionary in Python. Sorting has always been a useful technique in everyday programming. Python's dictionary is often used in a wide range of applications, from competitive to developer-oriented (example-handling JSON data). It can be useful in certain situations to be able to filter dictionaries based on their values. Below are the 2 methods to accomplish this task − Using sorted() and itemgetter Using sorted() and lambda functions What is a Dictionary? Dictionaries are Python's version of an associative array data ... Read More