Programming Articles - Page 2718 of 3366

In this article, we will see what is the conversion operator in C++. C++ supports object-oriented design. So we can create classes of some real-world objects as concrete types.Sometimes we need to convert some concrete type objects to some other type objects or some primitive datatypes. To make this conversion we can use conversion operator. This is created like operator overloading function in class.In this example, we are taking a class for complex numbers. It has two arguments real and imaginary. When we assign the object of this class into some double type data, it will convert into its magnitude ... Read More

Stack and heap are used to store variables during the execution of the program and it also get destroyed.Global data structures or global variables are not consumed by stack or heap. They basically allocated in a fixed memory block, which remains unchanged.int a[10]; // located in a fixed memory block int main() {    int main() {       float *ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(float)10.0)); //use heap.    } }

Dereferencing is used to access or manipulate data contained in memory location pointed to by a pointer. *(asterisk) is used with pointer variable when dereferencing the pointer variable, it refers to variable being pointed, so this is called dereferencing of pointers. int main() {  int a = 7, b ;  int *p; // Un-initialized Pointer  p = &a; // Stores address of a in ptr  b = *p; // Put Value at ptr in b }Here, address in p is basically address of a variable.Complete tutorial on dereferencing: C++ Dereferencing

Both languages (C and C++) support void pointers, but their behaviour is different. In C, a void pointer can be directly assigned to any other pointer type without the need for a typecast. However, in C++, assigning a void pointer to any other pointe type require an explicit typecast. In this article, we will learn the differences between void pointers in C and C++.. Void Pointer in C A void pointer (also called a generic pointer) in C is a special type of pointer that can point to any data type, but doesn’t have any type by itself. It ... Read More

The character constant is a constant that is enclosed in a single quote (' '). It represents the integer value (i.e., ASCII) of the character. In C programming language, the data type of character constant is an integer (represented by int) and it needs 4 bytes to store a character constant. For example: 'A', '1', '3', etc., are the character constants. In C++, the data type for character constants is char and it needs only 1 byte to store a character constant. Here are the size of different data types in bytes: ... Read More

In C, you cannot use a function call on the left side of an assignment if it returns a value because function calls return non-assignable values. For example, function_name() = value; However, if the function returns a pointer, you can dereference it to assign a value. For example, *function_name() = value; In C++, the same rule applies. You can use the returned reference/pointer on the left side to modify the original variable which is valid only if it returns a reference. function_name() = value; Note: References allow direct access to variables, and pointers allow indirect access via dereferencing. ... Read More

In this program we will see how to print heart shaped pattern in C. The heart shape pattern will be look like thisNow if we analyze this pattern, we can find different section in this pattern. The base of the heart is an inverted triangle; the upper portion has two different peaks. Between these two peaks there is a gap. To make this pattern we have to manage these parts into our code to print the pattern like this.Example Live Demo#include int main() {    int a, b, line = 12;    for (a = line/2; a

A string is a sequence of characters used to store information as text. In C++, strings are represented as array of characters using the std::string class. In this article, we will learn what is an array of strings in C++, how to declare and initialize it, and how to access its elements. C++ Array of Strings Array of strings refer to an array where each element is a string. Just like a normal array, we can define an array of strings by specifying the data type as std::string and the size of the array inside square brackets. To initialize ... Read More

In this section we will see how to create and use complex numbers in C++. We can create complex number class in C++, that can hold the real and imaginary part of the complex number as member elements. There will be some member functions that are used to handle this class.In this example we are creating one complex type class, a function to display the complex number into correct format. Two additional methods to add and subtract two complex numbers etc.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class complex {    int real, img;    public:       complex() {   ... Read More

When you want to write a program in C++, your compiler (like GCC) converts your code into computer language. While doing this, GCC offers some special functions called built-in functions. The built-in functions are predefined functions by the compiler itself, but not provided by any standard library. The GCC compiler provides several built-in functions. Some of these functions are listed below: __builtin_popcount(x) __builtin_parity(x) __builtin_clz(x) __builtin_ctz(x) The __builtin_popcount(x) Function This builtin function is used to count the number of 1s in an integer ... Read More