Programming Articles - Page 2674 of 3366

Disjoint set is basically as group of sets where no item can be in more than one set. It supports union and find operation on subsets.Find(): It is used to find in which subset a particular element is in and returns the representative of that particular set.Union(): It merges two different subsets into a single subset and representative of one set becomes representative of other.Functions and pseudocodesBegin    Assume k is the element    makeset(k):       k.parent = k.    Find(x):    If k.parent == k       return k.    else    return Find(k.parent)    Union ... Read More

Virtual functions in C++ used to create a list of base class pointers and call methods of any of the derived classes without even knowing kind of derived class object. Virtual functions are resolved late, at runtime.Here is an implementation of virtual function in C++ program −Example#include using namespace std; class B {    public:       virtual void s() { //virtual function          cout

AVL tree is a self-balancing Binary Search Tree where the difference between heights of left and right subtrees cannot be more than one for all nodes.This is a C++ program to check if a given Binary Tree is an AVL Tree or not.AlgorithmBegin function AVL() returns true if the given tree is AVL otherwise false.    if(root == NULL)       return 1    leftheight = height(root->left)    rightheight = height(root->right)    if(abs(leftheight-rightheight) left) && AVL(root->right))       return 1    return 0 EndExample#include using namespace std; class nod { //node declaration    public:    int data; ... Read More

This is a C++ program to convert string to char array in C++. This can be done in multiple different waysType1AlgorithmBegin    Assign a string value to a char array variable m.    Define and string variable str    For i = 0 to sizeof(m)       Copy character by character from m to str.       Print character by character from str. EndExample#include #include using namespace std; int main() {    char m[]="Tutorialspoint";    string str;    int i;    for(i=0;i

If a directed graph is given, determine if a vertex j is reachable from another vertex i for all vertex pairs (i, j) in the given graph. Reachable mean that there is a path from vertex i to j. This reachability matrix is called transitive closure of a graph. Warshall algorithm is commonly used to find the Transitive Closure of a Given Graph G. Here is a C++ program to implement this algorithm.AlgorithmBegin    1. Take maximum number of nodes as input.    2. For Label the nodes as a, b, c…..    3. To check if there any edge ... Read More

A bipartite graph is a graph in which if the graph coloring is possible using two colors only i.e.; vertices in a set are colored with the same color. This is a C++ program to check whether a graph bipartite or not using DFS.AlgorithmBegin    An array color[] is used to stores 0 or 1 for every node which    denotes opposite colors.    Call function DFS from any node.    If the node w has not been visited previously, then assign !    color[v] to color[w] and call DFS again to visit nodes connected    to w.    If ... Read More

In this program a random graph is generated for random vertices and edges. The time complexity of this program is O(v * e). Where v is the number of vertices and e is the number of edges.AlgorithmBegin    Develop a function GenRandomGraphs(), with ‘e’ as the    number of edges and ‘v’ as the number of vertexes, in the argument list.       Assign random values to the number of vertex and edges of the graph,    using rand() function.       Print the connections of each vertex, irrespective of the       direction.       ... Read More

Here is a C++ Program to get all the unique factorization of a given integer such that addition of a partition results an integer. In this program, a positive integer n is given, and we shall generate all possible unique ways to represent n as sum of positive integers. Algorithm to Perform Unique Factorization Below is the algorithm to perform the unique factorization of a given number: Begin function displayAllUniqueParts(int m): 1) Set Index of last element k in a partition to 0 ... Read More

Nowadays the compiler comes with default 64-bit version. Sometimes we need to compile and execute a code into some 32bit system. In that time, we have to use this feature.At first, we have to check the current target version of the gcc compiler. To check this, we have to type this command.gcc –v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1 Target: x86_64-linux-gnu ........... ........... ...........Here it is showing that Target is x86_64. So we are using the 64-bit version of gcc. Now to use the 32-bit system, we have to write the following command.gcc –m32 program_name.cSometimes this command may generate ... Read More

In C or C++, there are four different datatypes, that are used for integer type data. These four datatypes are short, int, long and long long. Each of these datatypes takes different memory spaces. The size varies in different architecture and different operating systems. Sometimes int takes 4-bytes or sometimes it takes 2-bytes. This also happen for the compilers. So we can use cross compilers.The cross compilers are basically a compiler, which is capable of compiling for a platform other than current platform.So if we want to compile the following code in 32bit system, and 64-bit system, it will generate ... Read More