There are three types of frame formats that are supported on a Token Ring network such as token, abort, and frame. The token format is the mechanism by which access to the ring is passed from one computer attached to the network to another device connected to the network.Here, the token format consists of three bytes, of which the starting and ending delimiters are used to indicate the beginning and end of a token frame. The middle byte of a token frame is an access control byte.Three bits are used as a priority indicator, three bits are used as a ... Read More

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication. GSM is a mobile communication modem; it stands for global system for mobile communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970.It is a widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operating at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequency bands.There are various cell sizes in a GSM system, such as macro, micro, pico, and umbrella cells. Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes ... Read More

CIFSCIFS stands for Common Internet File System. It is also known as Server Message Block. It is a network protocol whose most general use is sharing documents on a Local Area Network (LAN). The protocol allows a user to manipulate files just as if they were on the local computer.Operations such as read, write, create, delete, and rename are all supported. The only difference is that the files are not on the local computer and are actually on a remote server.NFSNFS stands for Network File System. It is a type of file system mechanism that enables data storage and retrieval ... Read More

iSCSI represents Internet Small Computer Systems Interface. It is a transport layer protocol that works on top of the Transport Control Protocol (TCP). It enables block-level SCSI data transport between the iSCSI initiator and the storage target over TCP/IP networks. iSCSI supports encrypting the network packets and decrypts upon arrival at the target.There are multiple means of transports that can be used for iSCSI. The most common is TCP/IP over Ethernet, but Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) can also be used with iSER, which is iSCSI Extensions for RDMA. If using iSER, the transport is RoCE or InfiniBand, and the ... Read More

DAS stands for Direct-attached storage. It is computer storage that is connected to one computer and not accessible to another. The System of DAS is attached directly to the computer through the HBA (Host Bus Adapter).As compared to NAS devices, its device attaches directly to the server without the network. The modern systems of this storage device include the integrated controllers of a disk array with advanced features.TypesThere are two types of DAS which are as follows −Internal DASIn internal DAS design, the storage device is privately linked to the server through a serial or parallel bus.External DASIn external DAS ... Read More

I2C ProtocolI2C stands for the inter-integrated controller. It is a serial communication protocol that can connect low-speed devices. It is a master-slave communication in which we can link and control multiple slaves from a single master. In this, each slave device has a specific address.SPI ProtocolSPI is an interface that enables the serial (one bit at a time) exchange of data between two devices, one called a master, and the other called a slave. In this protocol, devices are linked in the master-slave relationship.The major differences between I2C protocol and SPI protocol are as follows −I2C ProtocolSPI ProtocolThere are two ... Read More

SPI stands for the Serial Peripheral Interface. SPI is a general-objective synchronous serial interface. During an SPI transfer, send and receive data is simultaneously shifted out and in serially. It was created by Motorola in the mid-1980 for inter-chip communication. The SPI is used to authorise a microcontroller to communicate with peripheral devices such as E2PROMs.SPI devices transmitted using a master-slave relationship. Because of its lack of built-in device addressing, SPI needs more effort and more hardware resources than I2C when more than one slave is involved. But SPI tends to be easier and more efficient than I2C in point-to-point ... Read More

MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a highly lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is helpful for the connection with the remote location where the bandwidth is a premium. These features make it useful in multiple situations, including a stable environment such as communication machine to machine and the internet.MQTT was initially invented and developed by IBM in the late 1990s. Its original application was to link sensors on oil pipelines with satellites. It is a messaging protocol that provides asynchronous communication between parties. An asynchronous messaging protocol decouples the message sender and receiver in both ... Read More

I2C stands for the inter-integrated controller. This is a serial communication protocol that can connect low-speed devices. It is a master-slave communication in which we can connect and control multiple slaves from a single master. In this, each slave device has a specific address.The I2C is developed to overcome the complexities of transmitting data through other communication protocols, including Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).UART is an asynchronous transmission protocol. It is a device using them that should agree ahead of time on a data cost. The clocks of the machines should also have clocks with ... Read More

Windows NT was produced by Microsoft in July 1993. Its 1st version was Windows NT 31 and windows 31 advanced server. It is processor independent multiprocessing, multiuser and component based on 2000.FeaturesThere are various features of Windows NT, which are as follows −It implements pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading operations.It supports multiple CPU systems with SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing technology).Its security meets the US Department of Defence’s C2 standard.The NT system is a popular network operating system because of its low price, strong application service capability, high performance, and rich software.It supports various hardware platforms such as CISI (Intel system) and RISC ... Read More