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Computer Network Articles
Page 30 of 122
The Hidden Terminal Problem
In wireless LANs (wireless local area networks), the hidden terminal problem is a transmission problem that arises when two or more stations who are out of range of each other transmit simultaneously to a common recipient. This is prevalent in decentralized systems where there isn't any central entity for controlling transmissions. This occurs when a station is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but is hidden from other stations that communicate with the AP. Problem Illustration Suppose that there are three stations labeled STA, STB, and STC, where STA and STC are transmitting while STB is receiving. ...
Read MoreMultiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) is a medium access control (MAC) layer protocol used in wireless networks to solve the hidden terminal problem and exposed terminal problem. The widely-used IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS mechanism has been adopted from MACA. Working Principle The MACA protocol operates under the condition that stations are synchronized with identical frame sizes and data transmission speeds. It uses a four-way handshake involving RTS (Request to Send) and CTS (Clear to Send) frames before actual data transmission. Consider a transmitting station STA sending data to receiving station STB: Station STA sends an ...
Read MoreRequest To Send (RTS)
Request to Send (RTS) is a control frame employed in the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS. The protocol uses the concept of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) in wireless networks. The RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) mechanism aims to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden terminal problem. RTS frame is sent by the transmitter prior to transmission of the actual data frame. In wireless networks, the hidden terminal problem occurs when two stations cannot hear each other but can both communicate with a common access point, leading to collisions. The ...
Read MoreClear To Send (RTS)
Clear to Send (CTS) is a control frame employed in the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS. The protocol uses the concept of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) in wireless networks. The RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) mechanism aims to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden terminal problem. CTS frame is sent by the receiver after it gets the RTS frame prior to receiving of the actual data frame. Working Principle of MACA implementing CTS The MACA protocol works with the condition that the communicating stations are synchronized and frame ...
Read MoreSwitched Ethernet
Switched Ethernet is an evolution of classic Ethernet that replaces shared hub-based networks with intelligent switches. First standardized in the 1980s as IEEE 802.3, Ethernet technology is classified into two main categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. In switched Ethernet, the hub that connects stations in classic Ethernet is replaced by a switch. The switch connects a high-speed backplane bus to all stations in the LAN through dedicated connections. A typical switch contains 4 to 48 ports, allowing stations to connect simply by plugging into any available port. Connections can extend to computers, peripherals, other Ethernet switches, or hubs. ...
Read MoreWhat is DIX Standard?
DIX standard is a popular standard for Ethernet that was introduced in 1978. The name DIX is an abbreviation of the three organizations who developed it: DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), Intel, and Xerox. DIX Ethernet provides a data transmission speed of 10 Mbps. DIX Ethernet is also known as Ethernet II framing and remains one of the most widely used Ethernet frame formats in modern networks. It differs from IEEE 802.3 framing primarily in its Type field, which identifies the upper-layer protocol. DIX Ethernet Frame Structure The DIX Ethernet frame consists of several distinct fields, each serving ...
Read MoreWhat is Thick Ethernet?
Thick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet. It is technically known as 10BASE-5, where 10 represents the maximum throughput of 10 Mbps, BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 meters (1, 640 ft). This type of cabling allows up to 100 stations to be connected using vampire taps, which are special connectors that pierce the cable to establish electrical contact. All stations share a single collision domain, meaning only one device can transmit at a time to avoid data collisions. ...
Read MoreWhat is Thin Ethernet?
Thin Ethernet, popularly known as cheapernet or thinnet, is among the family of Ethernet standards that uses thinner coaxial cable as a transmission media. It is technically known as 10BASE-2. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput (10 Mbps), BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and 2 refers to the maximum segment length of about 200 metres (precisely 185 metres). This type of cabling allows a maximum of 30 stations to be connected to it by BNC connectors with 50 centimetres minimum gap between subsequent stations. 10BASE-2 Thin Ethernet Network Topology ...
Read MoreThick Ethernet vs thin Ethernet
Thick Ethernet and Thin Ethernet are two early forms of coaxial cable-based Ethernet networking that were widely used in the 1980s and early 1990s. Both technologies use CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) for media access control and operate in a bus topology. Thick Ethernet (10BASE5) Thick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet. It is technically known as 10BASE5, where 10 represents the maximum throughput of 10 Mbps, BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 meters (1, 600 ft). ...
Read MoreWhat is multicasting in Computer Network?
Multicasting in computer networks is a group communication method where one or more senders transmit data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It supports one-to-many and many-to-many data transmission across LANs or WANs, significantly reducing communication and processing overhead by sending the same data packet only once instead of creating individual copies for each recipient. Multicast Communication Sender Multicast Group Receiver 1 ...
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