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Computer Network Articles
Page 29 of 122
What is cumulative acknowledgement?
In data communications, when a receiver receives a message, it sends an acknowledgement back to the sender to notify it about correct receipt of the message. Cumulative acknowledgement is a process in which the receiver sends a single acknowledgement in response to a finite number of frames received. Through this, the receiver acknowledges that it has correctly received all previous frames or packets. When the sender receives an acknowledgement for frame n, it understands correct delivery of frames n − 1, n − 2 and so on. Cumulative acknowledgement is used along with sliding window protocols. It reduces the ...
Read MorePacket over SONET
Packet over SONET (POS) is a networking standard that enables the transmission of IP packets over SONET/SDH optical networks. SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) serves as the physical layer protocol for high-speed optical fiber communications, while POS provides the mechanism to carry Internet Protocol traffic over this infrastructure. POS utilizes the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) as an intermediary layer to encapsulate IP packets into SONET frames. PPP is a data link layer protocol designed for direct connections between two network nodes, making it ideal for high-speed, point-to-point communications over optical links. Packet over SONET Protocol Stack ...
Read MoreSerial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is a simple protocol that works with TCP/IP for communication over serial ports and routers. They provide communications between machines that were previously configured for direct communication with each other. For example, a client may be connected to the Internet service provider (ISP) with a slower SLIP line. When a service is required, the client places a request to the ISP. The ISP responds to the request and passes it over to the Internet via high speed multiplexed lines. The ISP then sends the results back to the client via the SLIP lines. ...
Read MoreNon-persistent CSMA protocol
Non-persistent CSMA is a non-aggressive version of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Using CSMA protocols, multiple users or nodes send and receive data through a shared medium that may be a single cable or optical fiber connecting multiple nodes, or a portion of the wireless spectrum. In non-persistent CSMA, when a transmitting station has a frame to send and it senses a busy channel, it waits for a random period of time without sensing the channel in the interim, and repeats the algorithm again. ...
Read MoreReservation Protocols in Computer Network
Reservation protocols are a class of protocols where stations wishing to transmit data announce their transmission intent before actual data transfer. These protocols operate in the medium access control (MAC) layer and transport layer of the OSI model to ensure collision-free communication. In these protocols, there is a contention period prior to transmission. During this period, each station broadcasts its desire for transmission. Once all stations announce themselves, one or more of them get the desired network resources based upon agreed criteria. Since each station has complete knowledge of whether every other station wants to transmit, all possibilities of ...
Read MoreWhat is RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)?
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) is a transport layer protocol used to reserve network resources and ensure Quality of Service (QoS) for Internet applications. It operates over Internet Protocol (IP) and uniquely initiates resource reservations from the receiver's end, making it a receiver-oriented signaling protocol. RSVP enables applications to request specific network performance guarantees such as bandwidth, delay, and jitter control. This makes it particularly valuable for real-time applications like video conferencing, VoIP, and streaming media that require consistent network performance. Key Features Receiver-oriented signaling − The receiver initiates and maintains resource reservations, not the sender. ...
Read MoreToken Passing in Bit-Map Protocol
Bit-map protocol is a collision free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It resolves any possibility of collisions while multiple stations are contending for acquiring a shared channel for transmission. In this protocol, if a station wishes to transmit, it broadcasts itself before the actual transmission. Every station gets its turn for transmission in a predefined order. A method to accomplish this is to use the method of token passing. Token Passing Mechanism A token is a small message that circulates among the stations of a computer network providing permission ...
Read MoreToken Bus (IEEE 802.4) Network
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a network access method that combines the physical simplicity of a bus topology with the collision-free characteristics of token ring networks. It creates a virtual ring over a physical bus or tree structure, typically using coaxial cables, where stations pass a token in a predetermined logical sequence. In a token bus network, each station knows the address of its predecessor and successor in the virtual ring. A station can only transmit data when it possesses the token, ensuring orderly access to the shared medium without collisions. How Token Bus Works The token ...
Read MoreResilient Packet Ring (RPR) - IEEE 802.17
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), standardized as IEEE 802.17, is a protocol standard for data transmission over fiber optic ring networks that operates in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It provides a packet-based transmission facility designed to improve efficiency of Ethernet and IP services over ring topologies. RPR delivers improved bandwidth utilization and throughput, faster deployment times, and optimized equipment and operational costs compared to traditional ring protocols like SONET/SDH. Working Principle RPR stations are connected by dual counter-rotating fiber optic rings called ringlets. Unlike traditional ring systems where one ring serves as ...
Read MoreLimited-Contention Protocols
Limited Contention Protocols are media access control (MAC) protocols that combine the advantages of collision-based protocols and collision-free protocols. They behave like slotted ALOHA under light loads and bitmap protocols under heavy loads, adapting dynamically to network conditions. How It Works In computer networks, when multiple stations try to transmit simultaneously via a shared channel, the transmitted data becomes garbled in an event called collision. Limited contention protocols address this by using an adaptive approach: Under light loads − Behave like slotted ALOHA where all stations can compete freely for transmission slots Under ...
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