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Articles by Vikyath Ram
96 articles
The Data Link Layer of OSI Model
The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model converts the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer into a reliable and error-free communication link between adjacent network nodes. This layer acts as a bridge between the physical transmission medium and the network layer, ensuring that data frames are delivered accurately across a single network segment or local link. Primary Functions Framing − It breaks up the stream of bits into manageable data frames, typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand bytes in size. Addressing − It ensures ...
Read MoreThe Internet Layer in the TCP/IP Model
The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet. It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model and serves as the backbone for routing data across interconnected networks. The main functions of the internet layer are: It transmits data packets to the link layer It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal route It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data packets ...
Read MoreMulti-access Channels and Random Access Channels
Multi-access channels are network channels that allow several transmitters to communicate with a common receiver via a shared channel. These channels are also called multiple access (MAC) channels. The network channel may be a single cable or optical fiber connecting multiple nodes, or a portion of the wireless spectrum. In multi-access environments, efficient coordination is essential to prevent data collisions and ensure all users can transmit their information successfully without interference. Random Access Channels Random-access channels (RACH) are shared channels used in wireless communication systems to allow mobile devices for call set-up. RACH also handles bursty data ...
Read MoreBit-Map Protocol
Bit-map protocol is a collision-free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It resolves any possibility of collisions while multiple stations are contending for acquiring a shared channel for transmission. In this protocol, if a station wishes to transmit, it broadcasts itself before the actual transmission. This is an example of a Reservation Protocol, where stations reserve the channel before data transmission begins. Working Principle In this protocol, the contention period is divided into N slots, where N is the total number of stations sharing the channel. If a station ...
Read MoreToken Passing in Bit-Map Protocol
Bit-map protocol is a collision free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It resolves any possibility of collisions while multiple stations are contending for acquiring a shared channel for transmission. In this protocol, if a station wishes to transmit, it broadcasts itself before the actual transmission. Every station gets its turn for transmission in a predefined order. A method to accomplish this is to use the method of token passing. Token Passing Mechanism A token is a small message that circulates among the stations of a computer network providing permission ...
Read MoreNetwork Software
Network software encompasses a broad range of software used for the design, implementation, operation, and monitoring of computer networks. Traditional networks were hardware-based with software embedded directly into the devices. With the advent of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), software is separated from the hardware, making it more adaptable to the ever-changing nature of computer networks. Functions of Network Software Network software performs several critical roles in managing and maintaining a computer network − Network setup and installation − Helps to set up and install computer networks by configuring devices, assigning IP addresses, and establishing connectivity. ...
Read MoreMetropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network with a size greater than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It normally comprises networked interconnections within a city that also offers a connection to the Internet. A MAN typically covers a geographical area ranging from 5 to 50 kilometers, making it ideal for connecting multiple offices, campuses, or buildings across a city. Distinguishing Features of MAN Network size − Generally ranges from 5 to 50 km. It may be as small as a group of buildings in a campus to as large as covering an entire ...
Read MoreHow to add background music to your web page?
To add background music on a web page, you can use the element or the legacy tag. The modern approach uses HTML5's element with the autoplay attribute to start music automatically when the page loads. For background music, set the audio player to be hidden by using CSS or by omitting controls. The loop attribute makes the audio repeat continuously. Always upload your music file to the server and reference it in the src attribute. Method 1: Using HTML5 Audio Element (Recommended) The element is the modern standard for embedding audio content: ...
Read MoreHow to set column width and column count with JavaScript?
To set the column width and column count in a single declaration, use the JavaScript columns property. This CSS property is a shorthand that combines column-width and column-count into one convenient declaration. Syntax element.style.columns = "width count"; // or element.style.columns = "width"; element.style.columns = "count"; Parameters width - Minimum width of each column (e.g., "100px", "10em") count - Number of columns (e.g., 2, 3, 4) Example The following example demonstrates how to change column layout dynamically using JavaScript: ...
Read MoreWhat is nodeValue property in JavaScript HTML DOM?
The nodeValue property in JavaScript HTML DOM returns the value of a node. It returns null for element nodes and the actual content for text nodes. Syntax node.nodeValue Return Value The nodeValue property returns: Text nodes: The text content Comment nodes: The comment text Element nodes: null Attribute nodes: The attribute value Example: Getting Text Node Value You can try to run the following code to learn how to get nodeValue property. ...
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