Token Passing in Bit-Map Protocol

Bit-map protocol is a collision free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It resolves any possibility of collisions while multiple stations are contending for acquiring a shared channel for transmission. In this protocol, if a station wishes to transmit, it broadcasts itself before the actual transmission. Every station gets its turn for transmission in a predefined order. A method to accomplish this is to use the method of token passing.

Token Passing Mechanism

A token is a small message that circulates among the stations of a computer network providing permission to the stations for transmission. If a station has a frame to transmit when it receives a token, it sends the frame and then passes the token to the next station; otherwise it simply passes the token to the next station.

For token passing mechanism to operate, the stations should be connected in a single ring topology as shown in the following diagram:

In the above configuration, passing the token comprises of receiving the token from the preceding station and transmitting to the successor station. The data flow is unidirectional in the direction of the token passing. The token may be generated by the station that wants to send the frame or the station that wants to receive the frame. In order that tokens are not circulated infinitely, they are removed from the network once their purpose is completed.

How It Works

The token passing process follows these steps:

• Token circulation − The token continuously moves around the ring in a predetermined direction.

• Frame transmission − When a station receives the token and has data to send, it transmits its frame and then passes the token.

• Token forwarding − If a station has no data to transmit, it immediately forwards the token to the next station.

• Token removal − After successful transmission, the token is removed to prevent infinite circulation.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Performance Analysis

The performance is similar to conventional bit map protocol. If N number of stations are in the token ring, the waiting time of each station is (N - 1). The advantage of this protocol over bit map protocol is that all the stations have equal priority for transmission.

Conclusion

Token passing in bit-map protocol provides a collision-free method for medium access control by circulating a token among stations in a ring topology. This mechanism ensures equal transmission opportunities for all stations while maintaining deterministic network performance.