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In Python, you can catch an exception and raise a new one, while keeping the original exception for more details. This helps when you want to change a low-level error into a clearer, higher-level error that fits your application better. Sometimes, catching a specific exception and raising a new one helps you to handle problems or give a clearer message. Python lets you do this using the raise NewException from OriginalException syntax. Rethrowing with a New Exception Type You can rethrow an exception using the from keyword to keep the original error details and traceback. This helps you provide ... Read More
Python allows you to run multiple tasks at the same time using threads. However, handling exceptions in threads can be tricky because exceptions that happen inside a thread don't get passed to the main thread by default. To deal with this, you can catch errors inside the thread's function or create a custom thread class to handle them. This helps you to find issues in threads and handle them properly in the main program. Exception Handling in Threads When an exception occurs inside a thread, it only affects that thread, and unless explicitly handled, it will be ignored silently. ... Read More
The OSError in Python is commonly encountered when a system-related error occurs, such as a file not found, permission denied, or disk I/O errors. It is one of the built-in exceptions that helps in handling operating system-level failures. In this article, you will learn how to catch and handle OSError using try-except blocks with examples. When Does OSError Occur? OSError may occur in the following situations - Trying to open a non-existent file. Permission denied while accessing a file or directory. Invalid file path or I/O operation failures. Example: File Not Found In the following example, we try ... Read More
You cannot directly use an if statement to catch exceptions in Python. Instead, use a try-except block and place if conditions inside the except to respond differently based on the type or message of the exception. This allows you to write conditional logic for exception handling. Using if Inside the except Block You can write if conditions inside the except block to check the type or details of the exception and take appropriate action. Example: Matching Exception Message with "if" In this example, we catch a ValueError and use if statement to inspect its message - def process_input(value): ... Read More
The NotImplementedError exception in Python is raised when an abstract method or operation that should be implemented by a subclass is not implemented. It is commonly used as a placeholder in base classes to indicate that subclasses are expected to override the method. In this article, you will learn how to catch and handle the NotImplementedError in Python using simple examples. When Does NotImplementedError Occur? The NotImplementedError is usually raised in the following cases - A method is defined in a base class but is not implemented and used as a placeholder for child classes to override. The subclass ... Read More
The SystemExit exception in Python is raised when the sys.exit() function is called. It is used to exit the program cleanly. Although this exception is not an error in the traditional sense, it can be caught using a try-except block if needed, especially when you want to prevent a script from terminating abruptly. This article explains how SystemExit works and how you can catch and handle it in Python programs. When Does SystemExit Occur? The SystemExit exception is raised when - You call sys.exit() function to exit the program. The Python interpreter is terminating due to a call ... Read More
The fmax() and fmin() functions in C++ are used to check the maximum or minimum of two floating-point numbers. These functions are defined under the header file of the C++ standard library. C++ fmax() function The fmax() is used to compare and return the larger of two floating-point values. These floating point values can be float, double, and long double. Syntax data_type fmax(data_type value_1, data_type value_2); Here, data_type could be float, double and long double. C++ fmin() function The fmin() is used to compare and return the smaller of two floating-point values. These floating point values can be float, ... Read More
The Naor-Reingold pseudo-random function uses a mathematical formula for generating random numbers using an array of secret keys('a') and bits of an input number('x'). The generated random numbers can be repeated based on the array of secret keys. In this article, our task is to generate random numbers using the Naor-Reingold pseudo-random function. Formula of Naor-Reingold function The formula for generating random numbers using Naor-Reingold Pseudo-Random Function is given below: Example Here is an example of generating 5 random numbers using Naor-Reingold Function: Input: p = 31, g = 3, n = 4, a = [1, ... Read More
Exceptions are problems that arise at the time of execution of a program. They are events that are thrown at runtime. They protect the code and allow the program to run even after an exception is thrown. Exception handling is used to handle the exceptions. Catching All Exceptions To handle all exceptions in C++, use try and catch blocks. Write the code that may generate exceptions inside a try block (try { ... }), and handle or print the exception inside a corresponding catch block (catch(...) { ... }). Syntax Following is the syntax of catch block in C++: ... Read More
There are two time periods provided in the form of hours, minutes and seconds. Then their difference is calculated. For example: Time period 1 = 8:6:2 Time period 2 = 3:9:3 Time Difference is 4:56:59 C++ Program to Find Difference Between Two Times To find the time differences then check whether we need to borrow time, for example, adding 60 seconds if the second time has more seconds. Then just subtract the hours, minutes, and seconds of the second time from the first time to get the result. Example In this example, you will see the time difference of ... Read More