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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to List the Last Five Modified Files in Linux?
In Linux, it is often necessary to find out the most recently modified files for various reasons, such as troubleshooting or auditing purposes. Listing the last five modified files is a common requirement that can be achieved using various Linux commands. This article explores multiple methods to accomplish this task efficiently. Note − Linux commands are case-sensitive. Using ls Command The ls command is one of the most commonly used commands in Linux to list files and directories. We can use the ls command to list the files in a directory sorted by modification time using the ...
Read MoreMS-DOS Operating System
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a command-line operating system developed by Microsoft that first launched in 1981. It quickly became the dominant OS for IBM-compatible personal computers throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, serving as the foundation for the personal computing revolution. Unlike modern operating systems with graphical interfaces, MS-DOS uses a command-line interface (CLI) where users interact with the system by typing text commands at a prompt. This simple approach made it ideal for the limited hardware capabilities of early personal computers while providing essential file management, disk operations, and program execution capabilities. MS-DOS Architecture ...
Read MoreSecure Apache with Let\'s Encrypt Certificate on Rocky Linux
To secure Apache with a Let's Encrypt certificate on Rocky Linux, administrators can guarantee secure communication over HTTPS. By obtaining and installing a Let's Encrypt certificate, Apache can encrypt data transmission, enhancing security and protecting sensitive information. This process involves configuring Apache to utilize the certificate, enabling HTTPS for the website, and ensuring that all communication between the server and clients is encrypted. Let's Encrypt certificates are trusted by major browsers, providing a cost-effective and widely recognized solution for securing Apache web servers on Rocky Linux. Prerequisites Before beginning the certificate installation process, ensure the following requirements are ...
Read MoreHow to Install and Configure Nginx from Source on Linux?
In this tutorial, we will explore the process of installing and configuring Nginx from source on Linux. Nginx is a powerful and widely used web server and reverse proxy server that offers high performance, scalability, and flexibility. By installing Nginx from the source, we gain more control over the installation and can customize it to suit our specific needs. Installing from source allows you to enable specific modules, optimize for your hardware, and use the latest features not available in package repositories. This approach is particularly useful for production environments requiring custom configurations. Prerequisites Before beginning the ...
Read MoreMultilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling (MLFQ) CPU Scheduling
Multilevel Feedback Queue (MLFQ) is a CPU scheduling algorithm that maintains multiple ready queues, each with different priority levels and time quantum values. New processes start at the highest priority queue, and based on their behavior, they may be promoted or demoted between queues. This adaptive approach balances the needs of both interactive and CPU-intensive processes. Multilevel Feedback Queue Structure Queue 0 (Highest Priority) Time Quantum: 1 Queue 1 (Medium Priority) ...
Read MoreHow to Install AnyDesk on Ubuntu?
AnyDesk is a popular remote desktop application that allows users to access and control a remote computer from their own machine. This tutorial provides step-by-step instructions on how to install AnyDesk on Ubuntu, enabling you to establish secure and efficient remote connections. AnyDesk employs a client-server architecture where the client is installed on the local machine and the server component runs on the remote computer. We will use the APT package manager, Ubuntu's default package management system, to install AnyDesk from the official repository. Installing AnyDesk from the Official Repository To install AnyDesk on Ubuntu, we need ...
Read MoreHow to Monitor Disk IO in a Linux System
Disk monitoring is a critical task for maintaining optimal performance in Linux systems. The disk I/O subsystem is often the slowest component and can become a bottleneck that affects overall system performance. When processes wait for I/O operations to complete, it directly impacts system responsiveness. Effective disk monitoring helps identify which processes are causing I/O bottlenecks and determines the root cause of performance issues. In this article, we'll explore essential tools like iostat and iotop to monitor disk I/O performance in Linux systems. Installing iotop The iotop tool is available in most Linux distribution repositories and can ...
Read MoreHow Are Linux PIDs Generated?
When a Linux command is executed, the system creates a separate process to carry out that command. Each process is assigned a unique Process ID (PID), which the operating system uses to track and manage the process throughout its lifecycle. Note − Linux commands are case-sensitive. Process Table The process table is a data structure stored in the system's RAM that contains information about all processes currently managed by the operating system. Each entry in the process table stores comprehensive details about a specific process. Key information stored in the process table includes − ...
Read MoreSecure Files/Directories using ACLs (Access Control Lists) in Linux
Access Control Lists (ACLs) in Linux provide a flexible and granular way to secure files and directories beyond traditional Unix permissions. While standard permissions only allow setting access for owner, group, and others, ACLs enable administrators to assign specific permissions to individual users and groups simultaneously. This allows fine-grained control over access rights using commands like setfacl and getfacl to define read, write, and execute permissions for multiple entities. How ACLs Work ACLs extend the basic Unix permission model by maintaining additional permission entries for files and directories. Each ACL entry specifies a user or group and their ...
Read MoreHow to Make Sure that Apache Service Keeps Running in Ubuntu?
Apache, renowned for its reliability, performance, and versatility, is a widely used web server. When hosting websites or applications on Ubuntu, it is crucial to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the Apache service. This comprehensive guide provides detailed steps and commands to help you maintain a smoothly running Apache service on your Ubuntu server while minimizing downtime. Installing Apache on Ubuntu Before diving into Apache maintenance, ensure the Apache service is installed on your Ubuntu system. Follow these steps to install Apache − Step 1 − Update Package List Open the terminal and update the package ...
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