Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
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OSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It gives a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. It has seven interconnected layers. The seven layers of the OSI Model are a physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer, as shown in the following diagram −The physical layer, data link layer and the network layer are the network support layers. The layers manage a physical transfer of data from one device to another. Session layer, presentation layer, and application layer ... Read More
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a computer language which is used to interact with an RDBMS (Relational Database Management System). It is basically a method of managing, organizing, and retrieving data from a relation database. In SQL, two important concepts are used namely, function and procedure. A function calculates the results of a program based on the inputs provided, whereas a procedure is used to perform some tasks in a specific order. There are many other differences between functions and procedures, which we will discuss in this article. What is Function? A function, in the context of computer programming languages, ... Read More
The Database Management System (DBMS) is defined as a software system that allows the user to define, create and maintain the database and provide control access to the data.It is a collection of programs used for managing data and simultaneously it supports different types of users to create, manage, retrieve, update and store information.Advantages of DBMSThe advantages of the DBMS are explained below −Redundancy problem can be solved.In the File System, duplicate data is created in many places because all the programs have their own files which create data redundancy resulting in wastage of memory. In DBMS, all the files ... Read More
The interface between a process and an operating system is provided by system calls. In general, system calls are available as assembly language instructions. They are also included in the manuals used by the assembly level programmers.System calls are usually made when a process in user mode requires access to a resource. Then it requests the kernel to provide the resource via a system call.Types of System CallsThere are mainly five types of system calls. These are explained in detail as follows −Here are the types of system calls −Process ControlThese system calls deal with processes such as process creation, ... Read More
RISC and CISC are two different types of computer architectures that are used to design the microprocessors that are found in computers. The fundamental difference between RISC and CISC is that RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) includes simple instructions and takes one cycle, while the CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) includes complex instructions and takes multiple cycles. Read this tutorial to find out more about RISC and CISC and how these two architectures are different from each other. What is RISC? In the RISC architecture, the instruction set of the computer system is simplified to reduce the execution time. RISC ... Read More
In this tutorial, we shall learn to stop form refreshing the page on submitting in JavaScript. Let’s cover the methods to accomplish this objective. Using event.preventDefault() to stop page refresh on form submit In this section, we will see how to use event.preventDefault() to stop page refresh on form submission. The event.preventDefault() restricts the default page refresh behavior of the form during form submission. Users can follow the syntax below to try this method. Syntax The syntax defines the form. //Get form element var form=document.getElementById("formId"); function submitForm(event){ ... Read More
In JavaScript, the object is a real-time entity that contains properties and methods. In simple words, we can say that object is an instance of a class. It stores the data in the form of key and value pairs. The keys are usually referred to as properties and the values are referred to as property values. There are two ways to define an object in JavaScript. Syntax var obj = new Object(); (or) var obj = {property1: value, property2 : value2 …….} Using dot (.) operator In JavaScript, using the dot (.) operator we can access a variable ... Read More
A control system is defined as the mechanism or a system that provides the desired response or output by controlling the input and processing system. These days, control systems are being implementing in every smart devices and systems such as traffic lights system, washing machine, rocket launching systems, electrical power system, etc. Depending on the feedback path present in the system, the control systems can be classified into following two types, viz − Open Loop Control System Closed Loop Control System In this article, we will discuss all the major differences between open loop and closed loop control ... Read More
To embed a video in an HTML page, use the element. The source attribute included the video URL. For the dimensions of the video player, set the width and height of the video appropriately.The Video URL is the video embed link. The video we will be embedding our example will be YouTube.To get the embed link, go to a YouTube Video and click embed as shown below. You will get a link for embed here −You can try to run the following code to learn how to embed a video using HTML code. Copy the embed link as shown ... Read More
TCP/IP Reference Model is a four-layered suite of communication protocols. It was developed by the DoD (Department of Defence) in the 1960s. It is named after the two main protocols that are used in the model, namely, TCP and IP. TCP stands for "Transmission Control Protocol" and IP stands for "Internet Protocol".The four layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite are −Host-to- Network Layer −It is the lowest layer that is concerned with the physical transmission of data. TCP/IP does not specifically define any protocol here but supports all the standard protocols.Internet Layer −It defines the protocols for logical transmission of ... Read More