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View-equivalence is a term used in database management systems to describe the circumstance in which two schedules, when applied to the same database, yield the same result set. This requirement is necessary to guarantee data correctness and consistency in database applications. There are requirements that schedules must meet in order to achieve view equality. These circumstances are − Conflict Serializability − The conflicting operations in a schedule must be performed in the same sequence for it to be conflict serializable. Operations that access the same data item and at least one of which affects the data are said to ... Read More
In the form of a relation, a database is used to mimic the status of some part of the real world outside. Database systems, in general, store just one state, which is the present state of the actual world, and do not keep data regarding prior and past states, except sometimes as audit trails. If the real world's current state changes, the database is edited and updated, and knowledge about the previous state is lost. But, in the majority of real-world applications, it is important to store and retrieve information about previous states. A student database, for example, must have ... Read More
This article will provide a broad review of computer-based controls before moving into the computer-based controls in databases available in a multi-user database system. Let's discuss all of them one by one. A group of security procedures called computer-based controls are used in DBMSs to safeguard the database against illegal access, alteration, or destruction. These safeguards are intended to guarantee that the database can only be accessed by authorized users and that the data is safe from accidental or deliberate destruction. Physical controls and administrative processes are only a couple of the several remedies available to deal with threats to ... Read More
Complex type structures for objects and literals are also crucial in the context of database management systems (DBMS). In this context, difficult types refer to data types that can store multiple values within a single column or attribute. This allows for more efficient and organized storage of complex data, such as arrays or nested objects, in a database. When it comes to databases, complex type structures for objects and literals can be incredibly useful for storing and retrieving data efficiently. In this article, we will explore how complex type structures can be implemented in databases, their advantages, and some of ... Read More
Star schema design is a type of database schema used in data warehousing that is designed to make querying and analyzing large datasets more efficient. The schema consists of a central fact table that contains the data to be analyzed and one or more dimension tables that provide additional information about the data in the fact table. Components of Star Schema A star schema is made up of four major components. These are as follows − Fact Table Dimension Table Attributes Attribute Hierarchies Let us go over them one by one − Facts These are monetary ... Read More
Links can help you access different places, websites, or files more quickly. However, there may be times when you want to keep the original formatting while removing hyperlinks from your Excel worksheet. It can take a while to manually remove hyperlinks, especially in huge datasets. By the end of the tutorial, regardless of your level of Excel proficiency, you'll have the abilities required to competently delete hyperlinks from your Excel sheets while preserving the appearance of your data. So let's get started and see how to effectively delete hyperlinks from Excel without damaging formatting! Remove Hyperlinks Without Removing Formatting Here, ... Read More
In order to present data in a clear and straightforward manner, Excel is a strong tool for making visually appealing charts and graphs. However, Excel automatically includes gridlines, which are horizontal and vertical lines that aid in visually matching data points, in charts. While gridlines can occasionally be helpful, there are times when you might wish to eliminate them to make a chart look cleaner and more polished. We can help you whether you're working with a straightforward combo chart, a bar chart, or a line chart. By the end of this session, you'll be equipped with the skills and ... Read More
Formulas are frequently employed while working with intricate Excel spreadsheets to carry out numerous computations and automate processes. Although formulae are extremely dynamic and powerful, there may come a time when you need to change their dynamic values to static ones or delete them entirely without affecting the calculated results. This could be advantageous for a number of purposes, including data sharing without disclosing private formulas, file size reduction, or preventing unintentional changes to the calculated numbers. You will discover how to remove formulas from an Excel worksheet while keeping the calculated values or results in this step-by-step guide. ... Read More
When analysing and manipulating data, Microsoft Excel is a strong application that frequently handles text data. In some cases, you might need to delete particular characters from the start, finish, or particular locations inside a text string in your Excel spreadsheet. This tutorial will walk you through several techniques to complete this task successfully. You'll have a full understanding of how to remove first, last, or particular position characters from text in Excel by the end of this article. These talents will improve your data processing abilities and increase your Excel proficiency while also saving you time and effort. Therefore, ... Read More
You might occasionally need to modify the contents of cells by eliminating the first or last word from text strings when working with huge datasets or text-heavy spreadsheets. Excel offers a number of strong capabilities that can make this task simple and effective. In this lesson, we'll walk you through every step of how to complete this operation using Excel functions. The techniques we'll go through in this article will assist you in achieving your objectives, whether you want to clean up data, extract certain information, or just reorganise text strings. You will be able to confidently use these methods ... Read More